JAPANESE MORNING PRESS HIGHLIGHTS 08/04/09

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 11 TOKYO 001774

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TAGS: OIIP KMDR KPAO PGOV PINR ECON ELAB JA

SUBJECT: JAPANESE MORNING PRESS HIGHLIGHTS 08/04/09

Index:
1) Top headlines
2) Editorials
3) Prime Minister's daily schedule (Nikkei)

Election campaign:
4) Poll shows Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) with 34% still firmly
in the lead as voter's favorite in proportional race, while Liberal
Democratic Party stays at 16% (Tokyo Shimbun)
5) Voting trends show young people do not go to the polls, only half
the rate of elderly voters in the 2005 election (Tokyo Shimbun)
6) DPJ winds up its candidate selection with 269 in the single seat
districts; Ichiro Ozawa to run from his old Iwate constituency
(Mainichi)
7) Internal bickering in the DJP over altering the manifesto,
already released (Mainichi)
8) DPJ adviser Jitsuro Terashima wants the Hatoyama administration
to use "fraternal diplomacy" as a "weapon" (Asahi)
9) Vice Foreign Minister Nobunaka attends ceremony swearing in
Iran's reelected president (Yomiuri)

Nuclear diplomacy:
10) Debate in the U.S. led by veterans to "apologize" to Japan for
dropping atomic bombs (Asahi)
11) Hiroshima to praise President Obama for anti-nuclear stance in
annual memorial ceremony (Yomiuri)
12) LDP, New Komeito calls for strengthening the U.S.' nuclear
umbrella over Japan is hindering the U.S. policy switch toward a
world without nukes (Akahata)

Defense and security:
13) Construction costs for the new base at Guam where Marines on
Okinawa will be shifted are soaring to twice the original estimate
(Akahata)
14) Under the "sympathy budget," U.S. forces in Japan plans to build
3,241 new homes for military personnel (Akahata)

Articles:

1) TOP HEADLINES

Asahi and Sankei:
First lay judge trial begins, launching new judicial era involving
citizens

Mainichi:
Six lay judges begin first trial, ruling to be handed down on Aug.
6

Yomiuri:
First lay judge trial under way, plain language used in court

Nikkei:
Major IT-related firms plan investment to establish 'cloud
computing' system

Tokyo Shimbun:
Five female, one male lay judge take part in first trial

Akahata:
Make elimination of nuclear weapons global trend


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2) EDITORIALS

Asahi:
(1) Lay judge trial begins: Include ordinary people's perception in
trials
(2) Care certification needed: Listen to voices of people using and
providing services

Mainichi:
(1) 2009 Lower House election: Is current for reform of highway toll
fees visible?
(2) Death of Furuhashi: Need for successors to legendary swimmer --
"Flying Fish of Fujiyama"

Yomiuri:
(1) Specialization key to survival of private universities
(2) Hironoshin Furuhashi continued to support Japan's swimming

Nikkei:
(1) Take advantage of lay judge system to strengthen democracy

Sankei:
(1) Make efforts to establish lay judge system
(2) Japanese swimmers should follow in Furuhashi's footsteps

Tokyo Shimbun:
(1) Lay judge system: The door has opened to citizens
(2) Death of Furuhashi: We won't forget his persistent efforts

Akahata:
(1) Abnormal climate: Measures needed to prevent disasters

3) Prime Minister's Official Residence (Kantei)

Prime Minister's schedule, August 3

NIKKEI (Page 2) (Full)
August 4, 2009

07:35
Took a walk near official residential quarters

10:32
Met Chief Cabinet Secretary Takeo Kawamura at Prime Minister's
Official Residence (Kantei)

11:00
Met Lower House member Masayoshi Namiki; followed by Junzo Yamamato,
secretary general of Japanese members of Asian-Pacific
Parliamentarians' Union

13:03
Filming of policy declaration, TV commercial for Lower House
election at LDP headquarters; accompanied by Jiro Aichi, LDP
Publicity Division chief, others; joined by Yoshinobu Shimamura,
special assistant to LDP president

16:32
Tea party at Imperial Palace with officials who accompanied Emperor,
Empress on tour of Canada, U.S.

18:10

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Met Kawamura at Kantei

19:32
Went through documents at personal office in Nagata-cho

20:06
Met secretary at Korean barbecue restaurant "Kantera" in Daizawa

22:37
Arrived at official residential quarters

ELECTION CAMPAIGN

4) Pre-election poll: DPJ steady at 34% in public preference for
proportional representation, LDP flat at 16%

TOKYO SHIMBUN (Page 2) (Full)
August 4, 2009

Ahead of the upcoming general election for the now-dissolved House
of Representatives, Kyodo News conducted a pre-election
telephone-based nationwide public opinion survey on Aug. 1-2. In the
public preference of political parties for proportional
representation, the Democratic Party of Japan marked 34.4%, up 3.7
points from the last survey taken July 25-26. The Liberal Democratic
Party was at 16.7%, up 1.1 points. The DPJ has been steady, scoring
over 30% in the first pre-election poll taken July 18-19 and in the
following two polls up to the latest one. However, the LDP has been
flat at the 10% range.

After the last poll, both the LDP and the DPJ announced their
respective manifestos or public pledges for the general election.
However, the LDP's announcement of its manifesto seems to have
little worked well on the public. The proportion of "undecided"
voters was 37.6% (37.4% in the last poll).

In the public preference of governing parties as well, the DPJ
outdistanced the LDP, with 39.7% desiring a "DPJ-led coalition
government" (38.6% in the last poll) and 18.2% choosing an "LDP-led
coalition government" (18.6% in the last poll).

5) Sharp decline in voter turnouts among young people: Vicious
circle caused by politics slighting them; Number of voters in their
twenties stands at half that of voters in their seventies in 2005
Lower House election

TOKYO SHIMBUN (Page 1) (Full)
Evening, August 3, 2009

It has long been pointed out that young people's political apathy is
responsible for low voter turnouts. A sharp drop in turnouts among
young people is more serious than low turnouts among voters in
general. This trend is now drawing attention as the starting point
of the vicious circle of politics slighting young people and young
people further losing interest in politics.

The number of actual voters in their twenties in the 1980 Lower
House election was approximately 10.065 million, while those in
their seventies or older stood at roughly 4.65 million. The number
of voters in their twenties was more than double the number of
voters in their seventies or older.


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Voter turnouts among young people in their twenties have gradually
declined since then, while turnouts of voters in their seventies or
older have been hovering at around 70 percent. The rapid aging of
the population resulting from the decline in the birthrate can be
witnessed in elections during this timeframe.

As a result, the number of actual voters in their twenties in the
previous 2005 Lower House election was roughly 7.22 million. In
contrast, voters in their seventies totalled about 14.28 million, or
double the number of voters in their twenties.

Waseda University Professor Tomonori Morikawa, who has researched
the relationship between the number of voters and policies, pointed
out that the trendline in the number of voters is reflected in
policy-making by the government. He said, "It is only natural for
those allocating budgetary funds to give generous consideration to
those age groups who go to polling places for sure." Given the
manifestos of major political parties for the next general election,
there are many policies that target elderly people or child-rearing
generations in their thirties or over. However, there are few
policies that provide money to those in their twenties, as Morikawa
said. Major political parties are vying with cash handouts. This
means passing the buck to young generations.

The only way to end this political trend of slighting young people
is perhaps to see more young people vote.

6) DPJ officially endorses 269 candidates in single-seat
constituencies; Ozawa to run in Iwate No. 4 district

MAINICHI (Page 5) (Full)
August 4, 2009

The Democratic Party of Japan decided in a meeting yesterday of its
senior officials to officially endorse Deputy President Ichiro Ozawa
as a candidate to run in the No. 4 district in Iwate Prefecture, and
Yokohama City Assembly member Makoto Yamazaki, 46, as a candidate to
run in the No. 8 district in Kanagawa Prefecture in the upcoming
House of Representatives election. As a result, the DPJ has endorsed
a total of 269 candidates in the (300) single-seat constituencies.
Ozawa told the press corps yesterday evening in Miyazaki City: "We
have decided on all our candidates," declaring the end of selecting
candidates for the electoral districts.

DPJ recommends 24 candidates

Of the 31 districts in which the DPJ will not field any candidates,
it will recommend candidates on the Social Democratic Party ticket
or the People's New Party ticket in 24 districts. Including the 24
candidates it will recommend, the DPJ will field and recommend
candidates in 293 electoral districts. The number of candidates is
almost the same as the number (291) the party fielded and
recommended in the single-seat constituencies in the Lower House
election in 2005.

When Ozawa headed the DPJ, there was a rumor that he would run in
the No. 12 district in Tokyo, which is New Komeito leader Akihiro
Ota's home turf. After he resigned as LDP president, the opportunity
to switch to another electoral district faded away. The Kanagawa No.
8 district is the home turf of Kenji Eda (independent),who works
closely with former Administrative Reform Minister Yoshimi Watanabe.
In order to avoid competing with Eda, the DPJ refrained from

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fielding a candidate for the Kanagawa No.8 seat.

On his party's policy shift in the Kanagawa No. 8 district, Ozawa
said:

"If Mr. Watanabe forms a new party, Mr. Eda will likely join it.
Things would be different if we had complete cooperation (with the
new party). They have not formed a party yet, and we have had no
discussions."

7) Lower House election: DPJ going astray over its manifesto

MAINICHI (Page 2) (Full)
August 4, 2009

The Democratic Party of Japan's (DPJ) discussions on revisions to
its manifesto for the Lower House election (campaign pledges) are
beginning to meander off track. The party at its executive meeting
on August 3 vowed to add the establishment of a consultative body
for the central and local governments, which the governor of Osaka
has requested in connection with decentralization reforms.
Participants also called for revising wording on the signing of a
free trade agreement with the U.S. The leadership intends to
consider these requests flexibly, based on opinions voiced at the
manifesto briefings, as a senior member said. However, if the DPJ
makes the revisions, the ruling parties may criticize it as becoming
inconsistent, depending on what decisions the DPJ actually reaches.

Referring to the consultative body for the central and local
governments, Policy Research Council Chairman Masayuki Naoshima on
the 3rd told reporters, "Since the president says that he will
include it, based on a political decision, we intend to write it in.
He revealed, "To be honest, we feel awkward, because only that
proposal has drawn attention in discussions on decentralization."

The manifesto revision uproar was triggered by President Hatoyama's
statement made two days after the manifesto was released. He said,
"The released manifesto is not a formal one." He made that
statement, giving consideration to Hashimoto's strong opposition of
the omission of the consultative body for the central and local
governments.

Even so, party executives had at first been determined only to
revise the parts related to decentralization. That is because they
were concerned that Governor Hashimoto's words and action could
affect the situation in constituencies in Osaka. Then the Japan-U.S.
FTA issue cropped up as another source of contention.

The LDP agricultural policy clique on July 28 issued a statement
criticizing the DPJ's manifesto in connection with the FTA issue,
saying, "Such a pact will lead Japanese agriculture and farm
villages to a collapse." Agricultural policy-related lawmakers of
the DPJ raised a sense of alarm that the DPJ might suffer a setback
in the battle to secure farmers' votes.

Deputy President Naoto Kan during a press conference on the 29th
categorically said, "We will not lower tariffs on major crops." The
DPJ also promptly posted a statement on that intention on the
party's website. A lawmaker who attended the executive meeting on
the 3rd indicated the view that the party will revise the proposal
concerning the FTA as well.


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The executive has yet to determine to what extent opinions heard at
manifesto briefings, which are to be held throughout the nation
until the 11th, should be reflected. Deputy President Ichiro Ozawa
will meet Governor Hashimoto on the 4th. When asked by reporters
about the aim of their meeting, he expressed his displeasure,
saying, "Our meeting has nothing to do with the manifesto or
anything like that."

8) Interview with Jitsuro Terashima: Use "yuai (fraternity)" as
diplomatic weapon; the world seeks dialogue

ASAHI (Page 4) (Full)
August 4, 2009

Interview with Jitsuro Terashima, honorary chairman of Japan
Research Institute, president of Mitsui Global Strategic Studies
Institute, and president of Tama University, by Shuichi Honda

Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) President Yukio Hatoyama advocates
"yuai (fraternal) diplomacy" as the party goes into the general
election campaign. However, it remains unclear how this will be
reflected in policies if the DPJ takes over the reins of government.
We asked Jitsuro Terashima, honorary chairman of Japan Research
Institute, who is a close friend of Hatoyama and who has advised him
on domestic politics and foreign policy over the years, on how the
yuai policy will be translated into concrete policy and other
issues.

Q: What do you think of the situation Japan is in at present?

Terashima: Today, no one thinks of the world in terms of unipolar
domination by the United States. We are in a non-polar era where
every country participates in the world order, such as in the case
of the G-20. Japan is making a choice in the upcoming House of
Representatives election under such a situation. Even people who
supported the two-thirds (of the Lower House members) who were
elected during Koizumi's election over postal privatization are now
doubtful of neo-liberalism. Therefore, a new method of exercising
leadership is needed.

Q: Are you saying cooperating with the U.S. alone will no longer
work?

Terashima: I would call it having close relations with the U.S.
while being actively engaged in Asia or "shinbei nyua." The
Japan-U.S. alliance needs to evolve while the world searches for a
new order. It is abnormal for foreign troops to be stationed in an
independent country for over 60 years. Unless Japan brings about a
gradual reduction of the U.S. military presence in Japan and revises
the bilateral Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA),it cannot claim to
be an independent country. Japan should send a serious message about
the trend for denuclearization of Northeast Asia and develop a new
mode of Japan-U.S. defense cooperation on the premise that a
military vacuum will not be created.

Q: Is it your position that a DPJ administration will be necessary
for this purpose?

Terashima: I cannot give a straightforward answer to that question.
The possibility of a reverse two-thirds majority, like in the case
of the "Koizumi children" in the last election, cannot be
discounted. The important thing is that a healthy two-party system

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is taking root. Rather than saying I want the DPJ to win, I pin my
greatest hopes on a political realignment based on policy.

Q: What is your relationship with President Hatoyama like?

Terashima: We have known each other for a long time. I once said
jokingly that Yukio Hatoyama is Jesus Christ, who continued to talk
about love in a land of brutality and was eventually killed by the
Roman Empire. But then, people started to think that he was a good
guy. He moved people's hearts and changed the world.

Q: Mr Hatoyama advocates "yuai diplomacy."

Terashima: It would appear to be absurd to talk about "yuai" in
international politics, but ironically, the world as a whole seeks
dialogue and cooperation, which is a coincidence. The question is
what comes next. If he surpasses the kind of "yuai" during the time
of his grandfather (the late Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama) and
arms himself theoretically on diplomacy with the neighboring
countries, with the U.S., and with Eurasia, then "yuai" will be
transformed from something hollow into something real.

Q: What sort of advice have you given to Mr Hatoyama recently?

Terashima: He should develop an ideological axis underpinning his
policies. For example, when implementing the child allowance, the
ideology of creating a Scandinavian type of welfare society and
raising children by the entire society will be necessary. Politics
is all about choice and focus. Degeneration will result in pork
barrel politics.

The times are moving toward populism. Therefore, policies should be
disciplined by ideology. Domestic politics is not separate from
foreign policy. Japan's nation building should also become its
diplomatic power.

Q: Is it a question of arming "yuai" with the theoretical backing?

Terashima: It will be pathetic if you simply look for something
appropriate for the sake of theoretical armament. The press should
ask incisive questions and policy think tanks must play an important
role.

9) Japanese ambassador attends Ahmadinejad's recognition ceremony in
Iran

YOMIURI (Page 4) (Full)
August 4, 2009

Vice-Foreign Minister Mitoji Yabunaka held a press conference
yesterday in which he revealed that Ambassador to Iran Akio Shirota
attended the recognition ceremony of President Mahmound Ahmadinejad
held in Iran on the same day. In the wake of heavy casualties in the
social unrest in Iran over the presidential election, Foreign
Minister Hirofumi Nakasone released a statement in June expressing
concern. Yabunaka explained, "All foreign ambassadors received
invitations."

NUCLEAR DIPLOMACY

10) "Journey of repentance" to offer apology by U.S. citizens,
including veterans, causes controversy in U.S.

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ASAHI (Page 14) (Abridged)
August 3, 2009

Toshihiro Yamanaka, Seattle

Is it appropriate for U.S. citizens to offer a direct apology for
the dropping of atomic bombs (on Hiroshima and Nagasaki)? A
controversy has arisen over this question this summer in the State
of Washington. Inspired by President Barack Obama's speech on a
nuclear free world, a group of 17 U.S. citizens, including veterans,
has planned a "journey of repentance." They are scheduled to arrive
in Hiroshima on Aug. 3 and in Nagasaki on Aug. 7, though they are
still taken aback by the strong reaction in the United States. They
have decided, however, not to offer an apology.

The group of 17 U.S. citizens, ranging from a 15-year-old Tacoma
high school girl to an 81-year-old man, left the United States in
late July on a two-week trip to visit Tokyo, Iwakuni, Hiroshima, and
Nagasaki.

One of the organizers is Tom Karlin, 73. He was a Navy petty officer
stationed in Japan in 1957 when he visited a museum in Nagasaki.
Shocked by the exhibits there, Karlin began anti-war activities
after returning to the United States. Last spring he began planning
a journey in cooperation with Michiyoshi Kojima, a 60-year-old
Japanese Buddhist monk in Tacoma, and others. They have prepared
4,000 folded-paper cranes thanks to cooperation by local grade and
high school students, and have collected some 5,000 signatures to
offer an apology for the atomic bomb attack on Japan.

But the drive was taken up by the local media in July and has drawn
criticism. Local newspapers carried letters from readers, reading,
"An apology to Japan by the United States would be a humiliation to
the U.S. soldiers who were killed by the Imperial Japanese Army as
well as to U.S. citizens," "Japanese citizens today do not feel
responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, so we do not feel
responsible for the atomic attack," or "If they are going to travel
all the way to Japan, why don't they get an apology from Japanese
citizens?"

In an interview with the Asahi Shimbun, Johnny Zerazuni (TN:
phonetic),88, a former Army Lt. Col. said: "The atomic bombing was
necessary to end that tragic war. Although I respect President
Obama's nuclear disarmament speech, I cannot understand at all why
the private citizens who have not experienced the battlefield have
to offer an apology to Japan at this point."

News Tribune editorial writer Patrick O'Callahan commented: "In my
view, at least 60 percent of U.S. citizens are against the 'journey
of repentance.' Opposition is particularly strong in Tacoma where
there are many bases." A News Tribune editorial said: "The
responsibility for that war and the atomic bombing ultimately does
not lie with the United States but with Japan, which attacked Pearl
Harbor."

11) Hiroshima peace declaration praises Obama speech

YOMIURI (Page 2) (Full)
August 4, 2009

Hiroshima Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba revealed yesterday the gist of a

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peace declaration he will read out at the Peace Memorial Ceremony
(on Aug. 6). In the peace declaration, Akiba praises U.S. President
Barack Obama's speech in April. In his speech, the President said:
"The United States will aim to create a nuclear free world." Akiba
calls the majority of the world that supports the President the
"Obamajority." The mayor calls for completely abolishing nuclear
weapons by 2020. He concludes his speech by saying: "Yes, we can,"
quoting Obama's famous words. He has called on the government to
improve its assistance for aging atomic-bomb victims.

12) LDP-New Komeito administration calling for enhanced nuclear
umbrella obstructing U.S. from policy shift

AKAHATA (Page 1) (Abridged)
August 4, 2009

U.S. President Barack Obama has declared for the first time that the
United States will aim for a world without nuclear weapons, setting
it as a national goal. Under such circumstances, it has become clear
through U.S. documents that Japan's LDP-New Komeito administration's
call for the United States to reinforce its "nuclear umbrella," as
well as for an extended deterrence, is providing the U.S. with an
excuse to adhere to its nuclear weapons and blocking it from making
a shift in its nuclear policy.

In reaction to President Obama's Prague speech in April declaring to
aim for a nuclear-weapon-free world, Foreign Minister Hirofumi
Nakasone, instead of reacting to the Obama speech in a positive
manner as the only country in the world to have suffered an atomic
attack, said in a speech on April 27, "Needless to say, extended
deterrence, including a nuclear deterrent, is vital for our
country." Japan has been asking the United States to strengthen the
nuclear umbrella and to enter bilateral talks on that matter.

The United States is in the process of updating the Nuclear Posture
Review (NPR),planning to produce a report by the end of the year.
The Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United
States, chaired by former Defense Secretary William Perry, released
its final report in May. The report includes the following
description:

"One particularly important ally has argued to the Commission
privately that the credibility of the U.S.' extended deterrent
depends on its specific capabilities to hold a wide variety of
targets at risk."

As an example of the "specific capabilities," the report cites the
Tomahawk Land Attack Missile/Nuclear (TLAM/N) on some attack
submarines. The Tomahawk will be retired in 2013. The report also
says, "In Asia, extended deterrence relies heavily on the deployment
of nuclear cruise missiles." Nuclear-powered attack submarines
capable of carrying the Tomahawk have repeatedly called at Japanese
ports.

The report continues to say: "In our work as a Commission, it has
become clear to us the some U.S. allies in Asia would be very
concerned by TLAM/N retirement." This suggests that Japan is hoping
for the prolonged life of TLAM/N. The report goes on to say: "The
United States has an obligation to retain numbers and types of
nuclear weapons that it might not otherwise deem essential to its
own defense."


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The Commission consists of 12 members. Four officials of the
Japanese Embassy in the United States are also included in the list
of senior foreign officials with whom the Commission consulted in
producing its final report.

DEFENSE AND SECURITY

13) Guam relocation: Japan's burden more than twice bilaterally
agreed amount for infrastructure construction

AKAHATA (Page 2) (Full)
August 4, 2009

Japan and the United States have now reached an intergovernmental
agreement to relocate 8,000 U.S. Marines and 9,000 family members
from Okinawa to Guam and to share the cost of constructing a new
base on Guam. In this burden sharing, Japan's payment for
infrastructure construction on Guam is more than twice the amount
agreed on between the Japanese and U.S. governments, with an
estimated increase of up to 100 billion yen. This became clear from
a U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report released July

30.

In May 2006, the Japanese and U.S. governments agreed that Japan
would pay approximately 6.1 billion dollars (approx. 580 billion
yen) for the construction of a new base on Guam, the total cost of
which was estimated at about 10.3 billion dollars (approx. 980
billion yen). The cost of infrastructure construction was estimated
at 740 million dollars (approx. 70 billion yen),which includes
power generation, water supply and sewerage systems, and waste
disposal.

According to a U.S. Defense Department estimate cited in the GAO
report, however, Guam's population will rapidly increase with the
U.S. military's buildup and its demand for infrastructure will also
sharply increase between 2009 and 2020. In concrete terms, the
Pentagon estimates an increase of 31% in demand for power, an
increase of 89% in demand for drinking water, an increase of 50% in
demand for sewerage disposal, and an increase of 230% in demand for
waste disposal. The Pentagon estimates the cost needed for the
construction of appropriate infrastructure at 1.35 billion dollars
(approx. 128 billion yen).

This infrastructure construction is said to be funded by a banking
institution. The Japanese government says the loaned money will be
recovered with the U.S. military's payments for its use of new
facilities on Guam. However, Akira Kasai, a former House of
Representatives member of the Japanese Communist Party, asked the
government about this point in an April 3 meeting of the House of
Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee. In reply to this
question, the Defense Ministry's Defense Policy Bureau Director
General Nobushige Takamizawa admitted that the loaned money could be
irrecoverable and would likely be made up by taxpayers' money.

Moreover, the bilateral agreement of May 2006 sets no clear-cut
ceiling to the cost of infrastructure construction. The government
may increase the amount of such loans secured by taxpayers' money.

Earlier, the Pentagon had revealed that the estimated total cost of
constructing a new base on Guam would be over 15 billion dollars
(approx. 1.43 trillion yen).


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14) Additional housing planned for U.S. military using 'sympathy'
budget

AKAHATA (Page 2) (Abridged)
August 4, 2009

The Japanese government is planning to build additional U.S.
military housing for 3,241 families using its 'omoiyari yosan' or
literally "sympathy budget." This became known from what was
reported in an Aug. 2 online version of the Stars and Stripes, an
organization for U.S. forces.

According to that report, the U.S. AIR FORCE will disburse 678
million dollars (approx. 64.4 billion yen) from its budget to
renovate 3,745 of 8,344 housing units in Okinawa and will rebuild
3,241 aging housing units with the Japanese government's planning
and funding.

Japan's burden is unclear. However, the housing plan totals 2.6
billion dollars (approx. 247 billion yen),far exceeding the U.S.
Air Force's estimate. It is possible to presume that the greater
part of the housing plan is at the Japanese government's expense.

ZUMWALT