Niger: Child Labor in Gold Mining Operations

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 NIAMEY 000502

DEPT FOR AF/W, AF/RSA, G/TIP, AND DRL/EA
PLS PASS TO USAID FOR AFR/W
ACCRA ALSO FOR USAID/WA
PARIS FOR AFRICA WATCHER

SIPDIS

E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: ELAB KTIP PGOV PHUM EMIN SOCI EAID NG
SUBJECT: Niger: Child Labor in Gold Mining Operations

NIAMEY 00000502 001.2 OF 003



1. SUMMARY: On June 25, Embassy officials visited three artisanal
gold mines in Tillabery region, 100 km outside of Niamey. The
visit, organized by the ILO's International Program for the
Elimination of Child Labor (ILO/IPEC),evaluated gold mining sites
in Niger that are notorious for exploiting some of the worst forms
of child labor. The Government of Niger (GON) and several NGOs have
made noticeable investments in both infrastructure and social
programs to combat the problem of child labor. While the USG has
assisted in the construction of schools, increased efforts on the
part of all development partners is needed to address effectively
the worst forms of child labor in Niger. End summary.

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Gold Mining: Primary Means of Survival
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2. On June 25, Embassy Officials visited three artisanal gold mines
northwest of Niamey: Kongo Moussa (75 kilometers),M'Banga (95
kilometers),and Komabangou (175 kilometers). The fact-finding trip
allowed two newly-arrived embassy officials on the 3-person
fact-finding team to gain a first-hand perspective on gold mine
operations and to monitor efforts undertaken by the GON to combat
child labor and promote education in the region. Embassy officers
were accompanied by members of the ILO's International Program for
the Elimination of Child Labor (ILO/IPEC) team. To date, the ILO
has concerted much of its energy to combat the problem of child
labor through sensitization programs and promoting primary school
education. Embassy officials visited sites where ILO/IPEC works in
conjunction with local communities to rescue children from mine work
and enroll them into school. Like some other communities in Niger,
mining operations are the means of survival. When asked about
profit from gold mining activities, many responded, "it depends, we
don't really know how much we make." Oftentimes, parents force
their children to work, instead of sending them to school.

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State of Gold Mining Sites
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3. All of the mining sites that Embassy officials visited are
located in the region of Tillabery, regarded as one the poorest
regions in Niger. To reach these mines, one must travel in some
cases hundreds of kilometers across the savanna and along dirt
roads, stopping occasionally to cross river beds before arriving at
a given site. Embassy officials noticed that the majority of
workers live in temporary housing several hundreds of feet away from
the mines where they often work 10-hour days. The communities of
the three sites visited - Kongo Moussa, M'Banga, and Komabangou -
appeared to be sparsely developed. The discovery of new sites has
motivated some workers to relocate and others have left to work on
farms due to the start of the rainy season. For the latter, they
will not return to mining until the end of the rainy season in late
September. Even though continuing mining operations during the
rainy season is extremely hazardous, many workers have continued the
work, hoping to capitalize in some way.

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Plenty of Risk, Little Reward
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4. Gold mining and artisanal operations at the various sites are
similar in nature. Unlike industrialized mining sites, operations
at these sites are simple, yet time consuming and very dangerous.
Lack of electricity and motorized machinery requires all mining
operations to be completed manually. These vertical shafts are
excavated using picks and shovels. The extracted material is then
removed with buckets and plastic sacks. Digging in these shafts is
one of the most physically demanding jobs that embassy officials
witnessed. Workers often dig for two hours non-stop before
returning to ground level. Furthermore, the risk of falling blocks
or the collapse of the shaft itself is high. The shafts are usually
reinforced by bamboo and/or wood. Moreover, there is no ventilation
system, which increases the risk of suffocation for workers. The
maximum depth allowed by the authorities for the open-pit method is
10 meters. However, many sites contained shafts with depths well
over 10 meters, usually 1.5-2 meters in width. While there was no
way to obtain an exact measurement of the shafts' depth, Embassy
officials suspect some shafts may have extended as deep as 30
meters.

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Gold Mining Takes a Physical Toll on Workers
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5. The process of acquiring gold usually requires several
operations, usually involving crushing, grinding and sifting dirt

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and rock before the gold can be panned. Gold mining is not
discriminatory in nature: men, women and children all work
side-by-side in this arduous operation. Quartz blocks are placed
into a large hollow stone and smashed using a heavy metal pestle to
produce pieces that are 2-3 centimeters in diameter pieces for
subsequent grounding into smaller pieces. This powder is then
shifted to separate the fine particles from the large pieces. When
asked how long they performed this process, most responded that they
remained in a sedentary position for hours on end. At these
particular sites, gold is concentrated by panning or vanning.
Panning is the process of washing the ore manually, while vanning is
performed by using pans or plates to sift for the gold.

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Performance Determines Salary
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6. Salary is not fixed; it is determined by the amount of gold that
workers find. When Embassy officials pressed workers for numbers,
they were told that workers often earn 1/4 or less of the selling
price for the quantity of gold that they find. For example, if 1
gram of gold sells for around 12 thousand CFA francs (approximately
25 US Dollars) in Niamey, then the maximum the workers would receive
is three thousand CFA francs (approximately 6.50 US Dollars).
However, this sum is then split among the entire team of workers who
contributed in the gold processing. The uncertainties of receiving
pay is common, and most workers admit that they can earn anywhere
from nothing to 1 million CFA francs (approximately 2150 US
Dollars)per month. (Note: Current exchange rate: 1 USD = 465 FCFA.
End note.)

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Evidence of Child Labor
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7. Child labor was evident at all sites. According to government
officials, children under the age of 18 are prohibited from digging
in the shafts. In addition, they are discouraged from crushing,
grinding and participating in any other form of arduous labor.
Embassy officials, however, noticed children performing such tasks
at all sites. Children were seen walking around the shafts areas
covered in dirt, an indication that they were indeed descending into
these deep shafts that were in some cases as deep as 30 meters.
Embassy officials asked the children their age, and the general
response was 12-15 (Note: Children looked no older than 10, though
stunted growth is prevalent in Niger. End note.) At the Komabangou
site, there were reports of prostitution among girls as young as 12
years old.


8. Several thousand children are estimated to work at the various
sites: Kongo Moussa has an estimated 2,000 employed children;
M'Banga has an estimated 5,000 employed children; and Komabangou
village figures seem much higher, but officials were unable to give
an accurate number. ILO officials noted that the government was
conducting a survey on children's situation in most of the villages,
with results expected in the coming weeks.

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Efforts Made to Protect Children
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9. The GON, in partnership with the International Labor Organization
(ILO) and World Vision, has made substantial efforts to promote
education in these mining regions, notorious for employing children.
Kongo Moussa, M'Banga, and Komabangou are examples of sites where
efforts made by the GON have enabled children to attend school and
enroll in various literacy programs. In many cases, NGOs such as
World Vision finance and oversee the construction of schools, and
the GON is responsible for providing teachers.

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More Resources Needed
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10. Village council members and parents requested more assistance.
In particular, they mentioned the need for a "school canteen," i.e.,
a food and accommodation program for children who live very far from
the schools and those without a home. They also requested the
construction of more classrooms and wells for clean drinking water.
Parents at the M'Banga site stated that there used to be 604
enrolled students; however because students at times needed to walk
15 kilometers to return home from school, many stopped coming to
class. Most administrators believe that with the addition of a
canteen, students would once again attend school, because they would
no longer have to walk several kilometers to get something to eat.


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Health Risks Not Taken Lightly
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11. Parents and administrators alike acknowledged the inherent
dangers that come with working in such dire conditions. Many
emphasized the need for a medical clinic. Embassy officials noted
that there are very few medical facilities in the area, and many
lack sufficient medical supplies and personnel to treat such a
variety of illnesses and conditions. Furthermore, access to the
villages surrounding these sites is difficult, usually via dirt
roads that can take hours to reach.

ALLEN