OMAN, INC.: BUSINESS OLIGARCHS AND GOVERNMENT IN OMAN'S

C O N F I D E N T I A L MUSCAT 000851 SIPDIS STATE FOR NEA/ARP, EEB/CBA COMMERCE FOR ITA THOFFMAN E.O. 12958: DECL: 2019/08/16 TAGS: ECON PGOV ENRG ETRD PINR MU SUBJECT: OMAN, INC.: BUSINESS OLIGARCHS AND GOVERNMENT IN OMAN'S ECONOMY REF: A. 09 MUSCAT 845; B. 08 MUSCAT 540; C. 08 MUSCAT 501 ¶D. 08 MUSCAT 430; E. 08 MUSCAT 384; F. 08 MUSCAT 256 ¶G. 08 MUSCAT 188 CLASSIFIED BY: L Victor Hurtado, CDA, State, Exec; REASON: 1.4(B), (D) Summary: ¶1. (C) Oman's business landscape remains dominated by a handful of local families who work either in tandem with, or in the shadow of, government-run enterprises. As the Sultanate's economy diversifies away from petroleum into fields such as industrial production and tourism, these families have parlayed their privileged positions and government ties into developing new business opportunities. While the government publicly has called for an increase in the number and participation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs),the major role of the state and omnipresence of the large trading houses will ensure these families' continued dominance as Oman's economy continues to expand. End Summary. An Oligarchy Takes Hold ¶2. (C) Oman's private sector is best described as an oligopoly. After Sultan Qaboos assumed power from his father in 1970, a handful of families came to dominate the private sector. These families are similar in many respects: many come from humble beginnings, most are not directly related to the al-Said ruling family, but almost all owe their fortunes in part to ties to the Sultan or members of his government. As Oman's economy developed and evolved, these families extended their business reach to meet the growing needs of the government, Omani consumers, and, more lately, the tourism industry. As a result, they control conglomerates that operate in a wide array of sectors, from construction to cars, and from manufacturing to hotels. ¶3. (SBU) In recent years, Oman's government has encouraged the development of industrial areas, most notably the northern port city of Sohar, as well as large real estate projects. These initiatives are part of a long-term effort to diversify the economy and reduce the country's dependence on hydrocarbons, which currently account for 79% of state revenues. The government's new economic priorities - industrial ventures and real estate development - have provided new opportunities for Oman's oligarchy. ¶4. (C) Given the state's substantial role in economic planning, it is not surprising that the family with the closest relationship to the Sultan - the Zawawis - is one of the country's richest. While the Zawawi fortune remains large, it also has remained relatively unchanged over time, according to post contacts. By contrast, other private sector leaders - the Zubair and Bahwan families and the Sultan's cousin, Sayyid Haitham bin Tariq al-Said - have become more involved in new and growing sectors, raising their rank within the business community's hierarchy. The Zawawi Family - OMZEST Group ¶5. (C) The Zawawis, a merchant family with origins in Saudi Arabia, have had a close relationship with the ruling al-Said family for over a century. The relationship blossomed under Sultan Qaboos as Oman's economy rapidly expanded. Omar Zawawi, who attended Harvard in the 1960s and was trained as a physician and holds an MD, is currently the head of the family and possibly the richest man in Oman. He is also a member of the Sultan's "kitchen cabinet," a handful of individuals who are not government cabinet members, but have regular access to the Sultan and advise him on key matters. Zawawi's brother Qais had a more visible role in the government as Deputy Prime Minister until his death in 1995. Omar Zawawi's official title, Senior Advisor for External Affairs, is somewhat misleading, as he plays a highly influential role in domestic economic policy making in addition to foreign policy matters. He has an unmatched combination of acuity regarding international affairs and direct access to the Sultan; his hand may be detected in Oman's recent and surprisingly quick decision to permit the transit of anti-piracy security teams (ref A.). ¶6. (SBU) Zawawi's company, OMZEST Group, is the umbrella for 75 wholly owned and associated companies with an estimated 4,000 employees. The group's activities include agriculture, banking, contracting, manufacturing, and travel and tourism, among others. OMZEST's key business, however, is manufacturing, from which it derives approximately 43 percent of its revenue. (Note: OMZEST's exact revenue and profits are not known. End Note.) OMZEST is heavily involved in new manufacturing ventures at the burgeoning Sohar port, which the government has targeted for development as part of its drive to diversify the Omani economy. OMZEST, for example, controls a 30 percent stake in Oman Methanol Company, a joint venture that has built a $450 million methanol plant with a production capacity of one million tons per annum (tpa). Oman Methanol is in the midst of constructing a second plant, also capable of producing one million tpa. OMZEST also holds a 10 percent stake in Alsig, a joint venture that owns an industrial gas production facility in the Sohar port area with an initial production capacity of 200 tons per day of nitrogen. The plant may be upgraded over time to produce oxygen and other gases, depending on demand from industries in the Sohar Port complex. ¶7. (C) OMZEST is a player in the banking arena, with a controlling interest in Oman's third largest bank, Oman International Bank. While it benefited, as did all Omani banks, from the liquidity generated from high oil prices, as well as several government and Royal Diwan accounts under its purview, the bank appears not to be particularly well-run and therefore by local standards vulnerable in the face of regional and international economic difficulties. One banking contact noted that he would "never work for Oman International Bank," while another complained about the difficulties in working under the bank's micro-managing chairwoman - Reem Zawawi, Omar's daughter. The Bahwan Family - Suhail and Saud Bahwan Group ¶8. (C) The Bahwans, members of the Mukhaini tribe from the coastal city of Sur, got their start as the exclusive agents for Toyota in Oman, a right they received thanks to Sultan Qaboos' direct intervention. Until 2002, brothers Suhail and Saud Bahwan jointly operated the Bahwan group, most likely the second largest conglomerate in Oman in terms of profits. While the brothers have split the firm, the two new companies remain leaders in the economy. Much has been made about the alleged bad blood in the separation, but post contacts believe that it is overplayed, and that the two companies remain somewhat aligned. One company official noted to Econoff that while the brothers are fiercely competitive, even with each other, they remain "family." ¶9. (SBU) The Suhail Bahwan Group appears to be the larger and more diversified of the two. It employs approximately 10,000 people and includes interests in engineering and construction, automobile sales, telecommunications, software design, structural steel, and chemicals and fertilizer products, among others. While the group retains some ties to the original family automobile business as the exclusive agent in Oman for BMW, Nissan and Renault, like OMZEST, Suhail Bahwan has invested heavily in industrial projects, including recent projects near the ports at Sohar and Salalah, as well as in the National Bank of Oman, the country's second-largest financial institution. The group is expanding its profile in vocational training and education; partnered with Virginia Tech, it is currently waiting for Ministry of Higher Education permission to found Oman's fourth private university. ¶10. (SBU) Bahwan Engineering is a heavyweight in the local economy, and has grown its business beyond Oman's borders by establishing offices in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. It has participated in the construction of a number of high-profile projects in Oman, including LNG facilities (Oman LNG, Qalhat LNG),power stations (Sohar, Barka, Ghubra),hospitals (Ibra),industrial plants (Sohar Aluminum),banks (Central Bank, Bank Dhofar, Oman International Bank),shopping malls (Msucat's two City Centre malls, along with th city's thid largest mall, the Markaz al-Bahja),and hotels (Muscat Intercontinental, Muscat Crowne Plaza). ¶11. (U) The company's industrial ventures include Suhail Chemical Industries, which manufactures sulfuric acid in the Sohar Industrial Area, and the Sohar Fertilizer Project, a $638 million complex that includes an ammonia plant with a production capacity of 2,000 metric tons per day (mtd) and two granular urea plants with a combined production capacity of 3,500 mtd. The group also plans to add 30,000 tons per year of structural steel component manufacturing capacity at Sohar. Finally, Suhail Bahwan is an investor in Octal Petrochemical, a U.S.-based firm which controls a plant in the Salalah free zone that produces 30,000 tons per year of polyethylene plastics and has plans for major expansion (ref D). ¶12. (C) The Saud Bahwan Group has approximately 9,400 employees and annual sales of more than $3 billion. Growing in recent years from a base of 3,000 employees, the company's primary business is automotive and heavy equipment sales, as well as sales of automotive parts and accessories. The group represents Toyota, Ford and MAN commercial trucks, as well as Komatsu construction equipment in Oman. In addition, the group acts as the exclusive agent for Hertz Rent-a-Car. Patriarch Saud Bahwan died in late 2008, but as he had in recent years passed most executive authority to his children, the company's direction has been relatively unaffected. Sheikh Saud was long Oman's highest profile (non-royal) philanthropist, one whose gifts included a generous (anonymously given ) sums to The American International School of Muscat (TAISM). The Zubair Family - Zubair Corporation ¶13. (C) The Zubairs are ethnically Baluchi from the Huti tribe, a group traditionally with a humble social status. However, the family's long-standing personal relationship with Sultan Qaboos has brought them tremendous wealth. The founder of Zubair Corporation, Mohammed Zubair, is believed to have been a childhood companion of the Sultan, as their mothers were close friends. Zubair became Minister of Commerce in 1974, four years after Sultan Qaboos took power, and remained in that position until 1983, after which he became the Sultan's advisor for economic planning affairs. (Note: While like Zawawi a "special advisor" to the Sultan, he is not as close to Oman's ruler. And, unlike Zawawi, Zubair has generally steered clear of politics, domestic or international, to focus on his business interests. End Note.) While Mohammed Zubair remains associated with Zubair Corporation, his son Hani al-Zubair now serves as its chairman. The Zubairs have long been considered locally the Sultanate's most cultured family; the family's private collection of Omani arts and crafts are now housed in Oman's only truly world-class museum, the Bait al-Zubair. ¶14. (SBU) Zubair Corporation has an estimated 2,400 employees and is the parent company of 60 firms, subsidiaries, and associated ventures. The company's divisions include automotive sales, art and heritage, hospitality, telecom and IT, construction, retail manufacturing, and advertising and publishing. Zubair represents Volkswagen, Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Peugeot, and Yamaha, among other companies. ¶15. (SBU) One of the Zubairs' most prominent and successful ventures to date is the Shangri La Barr Al Jissah hotel complex, which opened outside Muscat in 2006. The Zubairs, in partnership with the government, invested $180 million in the site, which covers 124 acres and contains three hotels with a total of 640 rooms. Further development on the project has added luxurious private residences, including apartments and villas. The success of the Barr Al Jissah complex has encouraged more large-scale real estate development construction in Oman, including projects under construction at Sifah, Yenkit, and Blue City. ¶16. (SBU) The Zubair Corporation is dabbling in the Sohar port industrial area as well. It holds a 10% stake in the Sohar Power Company, the owner of the $550 million Sohar Power and Desalinization Plant, which has a power generation capacity of 585 megawatts (MW) and desalinization capacity of 33 million gallons per day. Recently, the Zubairs entered into a $30 million joint venture with an Indian engineering and construction company, Larsen and Toubro, to build a plant in Sohar that will manufacture products for the offshore oil and gas sector. ¶17. (C) Post contacts report that the Zubair Corporation is undergoing a shake-up in personnel to inject new blood into the company. In 2008, Zubair appointed Giles Cunningham as the company's new Chief Executive Officer. In a conversation with Econoff, Cunningham viewed the company as a leading economic powerhouse in Oman, but commented that it needed to gain focus in determining which new opportunities to pursue. A former banker in the region, Cunningham stated that the company's potential for growth and the Zubairs' keen sense of business attracted him to Oman. The Sultan Family - W.J. Towell ¶18. (SBU) The Sultan family is an established Lawatiya Shi'a clan (Ref B) that in 1866 founded W.J. Towell in partnership with the company's namesake William Jack Towell. Towell, who is believed to have been an American citizen, later, sold his share in the firm to the Sultans in the 1890s. After Sultan Qaboos came to power in 1970, W.J. Towell managed some of the country's first major infrastructure projects. ¶19. (C) The family's head is Kamal Sultan, who is now incapacitated and serves as Honorary Chairman of the firm. His son, Jawad Hussein Sultan, is Chairman. The company's main market advantage is family member Maqbool bin Ali Sultan, who was a director of the firm before he became Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1991. Maqbool is well-connected in Oman's business landscape, as he also serves as the Chairman of Oman Oil Company, a primary investment arm of the government, and Chairman of the Sohar Industrial Port Corporation, the landlord of the Port of Sohar. He also is a close colleague of Ahmed bin Abdul Nabi Macki, who is the Sultanate's powerful National Economy Minister, as well as the Deputy Chairman of the National Resources Council, Chairman of Oman Shipping Company, and Chairman of Oman Air. ¶20. (SBU) W.J. Towell currently has an estimated 1,000 direct-hire employees and is involved in healthcare products, furniture sales, automobile sales, cleaning services, construction services, real estate, and grocery retailing and distribution, among other areas. The firm also represents a variety of foreign companies in Oman, including Mazda, Mars, and Chicago Pneumatic. Given the family connection to Sohar, W.J. Towell has become involved in industrialization efforts in the port city. The company drafted the port's master plan, holds a 10% stake in Sohar Power Company, and for years been the chief advocate for constructing a multi-billion aluminum smelter near Sohar, a project that is now being implemented as a joint venture of Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority, Oman Oil Company and Alcan. Towell is a major property developer in Oman, with signature projects in the expat-heavy neighborhoods of Madinat al-Sultan Qaboos and Shatti al-Qurm, developments whose success has cushioned the cancellation or postponement of additional residential and resort properties. Al Sa'id Family - A Growing Force in Business? ¶21. (C) The royal Al Sa'id family has long had a notable, if low profile, role in the private sector, but in recent years some members have expanded their commercial activities. The more traditional (less commercially minded) branch of the family is led by the Sultan's paternal uncle, Sayyid Shabib bin Taimur Al Sa'id. In 1982, Sayyid Shabib established the Tawoos Group, a diversified firm with interests in telecommunications, agriculture, and oil field supplies. Tawoos Group is now run by Sayyid Shabib's half-brother, Samir Fancy, and has not significantly changed its business in recent years. Tawoos' main division, Renaissance Services, was one of the first family-owned companies to become publicly traded on the Muscat Securities Market. Renaissance focuses primarily on services, including facilities management, cleaning and catering, IT services, and education and training. Tawoos is interested in further expanding its overseas presence, evidenced by the company's participation in an official Omani commercial delegation to Baghdad in 2008 (ref C). ¶22. (C) The business interests controlled by Sultan Qaboos' cousin, Sayyid Haitham bin Tariq Al Sa'id, the Minister of Heritage and Culture and one of the possible successors to the Sultan, and his brother, Sayyid Talal, appear far more dynamic than those controlled by Sayyid Shabib. The brothers have interests in two major firms - National Trading Company and Oman Holdings International (OHI) - which are active in advertising and media, telecommunications, tourism, energy services and construction, among other sectors. National Training Company's financial results are not available publicly. ¶23. (SBU) National Trading Company is the quieter of the two firms. Established in 1982, the company - like the Zubair Corporation and W.J. Towell - holds a 10% stake in the Sohar Power and Desalinization Plant. It also has a 6.4% stake in Oman Chlorine, a publicly traded firm that controls a chemical plant in Sohar. It created "National Trading and Projects Company" in 2005, which works closely with OHI in the fields of oil and gas, water, power, and telecommunications. ¶24. (C) Sayyid Haitham and another brother, Sayyid Qais, are the primary investors in the Muscat Hills Golf and Country Club, a swank development near Muscat International Airport. The $110 million venture includes an 18-hole championship golf course surrounded by a planned community. Phase 1 of the community is expected to be complete by late 2009 and consists of 80 deluxe villas around Muscat's first green golf course. The course itself opened only after Sayyid Haitham shook up the project management staff and reportedly brokered a deal with Muscat Municipality Chairman Abdullah bin Abbas for use of the municipality's recycled water. ¶25. (C) Sayyid Haitham's most important and visible project, however, is the mega-real estate venture Blue City, in which he shares a 30% stake with another investor. Blue City (Al Medina Al Zarqa in Arabic),was announced as by far Oman's most ambitious development, with a total expected cost of $20 billion. Its original plans called for the construction of an entirely new urban area, with residences, schools, health facilities and hotels for 200,000 people. The development was the subject of a legal battle in which Sayyid Haitham's company "Cyclone" unsuccessfully tried to acquire full ownership of the project from Bahrain-based AAJ Holdings, which controls 70% of Blue City (Ref F). Its prospects have been the subject of significant local gossip over the past year, as ambitious plans for an urban center that would have challenged Sohar and even Muscat have been gradually scaled back to a more realistic (if still highly ambitious) residential/resort/commercial complex. The project's difficulties have, to an extent, tarnished Sayyid Haitham's reputation, if not his prospects in the succession. Ma'shani Family - Muscat Overseas Group ¶26. (C) The Ma'shanis are another family with close ties to Sultan Qaboos, in this case through his late and much-loved mother; the clan elder, Sheikh Mustahail bin Ahman al-Ma'shani, is the Sultan's maternal uncle. He previously served as Minister of Social Affairs and Labor and is now a State Advisor, as well as chairman of the family company he started in 1974, Muscat Overseas Group. One of his sons, Salim bin Mustahail, is an advisor at the Diwan of Royal Court (a position that carries ministerial rank),as well as vice-chairman of the family business. In July 2008, Salim was appointed chairman of Nawras Telecommunications, the second largest provider of cellular phone service in Oman. (Note: Qatar Telecom is the majority shareholder in Nawras. End Note.) ¶27. (SBU) Reflecting the family's power base in the southern Dhofar region, Muscat Overseas Group is the most powerful business group in Salalah, Dhofar's capital. Its business operations include trading, contracting, oil field supplies and drilling, tourism, agriculture and real estate. It also is a 4% stakeholder in Bank Muscat, Oman's largest bank. ¶28. (SBU) The firm's investments are channeled, in part, through the Dhofar International Development and Investment Holding Company (DIDIHC),where Sheikh Mustahail's son Khalid was appointed chairman in 2008. (Note: The Shanfari family from Dhofar is also a player in DIDIHC, with the family patron, Saeed bin Ahmen Al Shanfari, previously serving as the chairman. End Note.) DIDIHC holds a 30% stake in Bank Dhofar, 25% in Dhofar Insurance, 25% in Salalah Medical Supplies Manufacturing Company, 16% in Dhofar University, 14% in Dhofar Tourism Company, 10% in Salalah Port Services Company, 5% in Oman Oil Company, 4% in Dhofar Power, and an unknown stake in Octal Petrochemicals. Shanfari Family - Shanfari Group ¶29. (C) The Shanfari represent the other prominent Dhofari family. Shanfari Group Chairman Saeed al-Shanfari was a close contact of Sultan Qaboos before his ascent to power. In 1974, Shanfari was rewarded for his loyalty by being named Minister of Oil and Gas, a position he held until 1997, when he was "retired" by the Sultan. Post contacts report that his personal connection to the Sultan has all but disappeared. ¶30. (C) Nevertheless, the Shanfari Group of Companies, established by Saeed in 1970, remains a well-known trading house in Oman. In addition to military sales, the group is involved in the construction, transport and logistics, manufacturing, and tourism sectors. It serves as one of the representatives of the Jeep and Harley Davidson brands in Oman. (Note: the Shanfari Group had exclusive rights to Jeep until 2005, when it reluctantly agreed to share the brand with the Zubair Corporation after the U.S.-based vehicle manufacturer complained of poor marketing efforts. However, in 2008, Chrysler awarded Shanfari the right to market Dodge, a brand previously reserved for Zubair. End Note.) The Shanfari Group also holds the exclusive rights to a string of luxury brands, such as Ferrari, Lamborghini, Maserati, and also Saab, though one company official admitted to Econoff that those are "just for show," since they generate negligible business in terms of volume. Saeed Shanfari further retains significant stakes in Dhofar-based projects through his stake in DIDIHC. ¶31. (C) Saeed's son Adil serves as the Shanfari Group's chairman and CEO and is fond of the U.S., with several of his children studying at a military school in Kansas. Another of Saeed's son, Thamer, a U.S. university graduate and former participant in a State Department International Visitor Program, was in 2008 designated for sanctions by the U.S. Treasury Department for his questionable business dealings - which did not involve other family members - in the Democratic Republic of the Congo benefiting Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe. Darwish Family - Mohsin Haider Darwish (MHD LLC) ¶32. (C) The Darwish family is part of Oman's Baharna Shi's community (Ref B),a group that is believed to have its roots in Bahrain. The Darwishes have been notable merchants in the Gulf since the late nineteenth century. Mohsin Haider Darwish is the family's patriarch and managing director of the family company, MHD LLC, while his two daughters, Lujaina Mohsin Darwish and Areej Mohsin Darwish, serve as deputy managing directors (as such, they are among the Sultanate's leading businesswomen). MHD, which has an estimated 750 employees, remains an important player in the local economy, but observers do not see it as being as dynamic as top-tier firms such as OMZEST, Bahwan, and Zubair. MHD's divisions include automotive sales, electrical goods and electronics merchandising, chemicals, medical equipment and building materials. In the automotive sector, MHD represents Jaguar, Land Rover and Volvo. MHD retains a 10% stake in the industrial gas venture "Alsig," in which OMZEST also has a 10% share. Khimji family: Khimji Ramdas and Ajit Khimji ¶33. (C) the Khimjis are of Indian origin with commercial ties to Oman that go back more than a century. The family lent money to Sultan Qaboos' father, Sultan Sa'id; Sultan Qaboos granted Omani citizenship to the Khimjis after he came to power. Notably, as Hindus, the family traditionally has not intermarried with non-Indians, but one member of the family, Rishi Khimji, is now married to Sayyida Tania al-Sa'id, the daughter of Sayyid Shabib al-Sa'id, the founder of Tawoos Group; Sayyida Tania is an increasingly visible environmental activist and among the most publicly active female al-Saids. ¶34. (SBU) Established in 1870, the family's operations are now split into two - Khimji Ramdas and Ajit Khimji. Khimji Ramdas is divided into four sectors: consumer products, lifestyle, infrastructure, and projects and logistics. Much of its business revolves around the retaining sector; it represents such prominent brands as Proctor & Gamble, Ralph Lauren, and Samsonite. In addition, the company acts as the exclusive agent for Pizza Hut, and runs its own "Khimji Mart" consumer goods stores. The projects and logistics division supplies military and firefighting equipment to the government, while in the defense sector the company represents Humvee. ¶35. (SBU) Ajit Khimji's business line takes a smaller, though parallel, focus on consumer products, dining, and retailing. It runs a number of well-known and highly regarded restaurants (among the handful of non-hotel-based restaurants to hold liquor licenses),, holds the franchise for Europcar, and serves as the general services agent for Swiss (the national carrier) through its travel agency. In addition, it owns an insurance company, several coffee shops, bookstores, and dry-cleaning outlets. State Reigns Supreme ¶36. (SBU) The strong position of Oman's leading families will continue to benefit from the government's pre-eminent role in the economy. At the forefront of the government's significant holdings is Petroleum Development Oman (PDO),which s the country's primary oil producer. Established in 1951, PDO is 60%-owned by the Omani government and 34%-owned by Royal Dutch Shell, with the remaining shares held by French-based Total and Portuguese-based Partax. PDO controls 90% of Oman's reserves, 109 of the 130 fields, and the lion's share of total production. In 2004, the government renewed PDO's concession for another 40 years, though there was some grumbling about the generosity of the extension, given falling production rates and Shell's fudging of its Omani reserves estimates, which greatly embarrassed the Omani government. Nevertheless, the government has committed itself to making significant investments in enhanced oil recovery techniques on behalf of PDO during the course of the current five-year economic plan (2006-2011),with an estimated investment in 2008 of $1.74 billion in petroleum production. ¶37. (SBU) In spite of the significant investment figures in PDO, the government has moved to allow greater foreign competition in the development of its petroleum fields. It is careful, however, to retain a sizable equity stake in new oil-related ventures. For example, complementing PDO's production is U.S.-based Occidental Petroleum, which is investing over $3 billion in its Mukhaizna field concession. In transferring the concession to Oxy from PDO, the government acquired a 20% stake in "Occidental Mukhaizna" through its Oman Oil operations. (Note: Occidental retains a 45% stake, while Shell Oman has 17% and UAE-based Liwa Energy has a 15% share. End Note.) ¶38. (SBU) In addition to its efforts in the petroleum sector, the Omani government has substantially invested in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry. In 1994, the government established Oman LNG, which began operations in April 2000 with two 3.3 metric ton pr annum (MTPA) LNG production trains. Heading the consortium is the government, with a 51% stake, followed by Royal Dutch Shell (30%),Total (5.5%),and Portuguese and Japanese equity holders. In 2003, the Omani government formed Qalhat LNG to operate a third train along side those managed by Oman LNG. Qalhat's primary stakeholder is the government (47%),followed by Oman LNG (36.8%), Union Fenosa (7%),and a collection of Japanese equity partners. LNG shipped from Oman to points in Asia and Europe is carried by seven tankers owned by the Oman Shipping Company, which is 80% owned by the Ministry of Finance and 20% owned by the Oman Oil Company. Domestic distribution of gas is handled by the Oman Gas Company, which is 80% owned by the Ministry of Oil and Gas, and 20% owned by the Oman Oil Company. Investing through Oman Oil ¶39. (U) The Oman Oil Company plays a key role in the private sector. In 1992, the government established Oman Oil to invest surplus oil revenues both domestically and internationally. The company is chaired by the Minister of Commerce and Industry, with the Minister of Oil and Gas serving as the Vice chairman. Other government officials, including the Secretary General of the Ministry of National Economy and a Board Member of the Central bank, round out the board. On the domestic front, in addition to its stakes in Oman gas Company and Oman Shipping Company, Oman Oil is involved in the Dolphin Energy Project (cross-border gas sales to the UAE) and the Oman Oil Marketing Company (retail distributor of gasoline). ¶40. (U) In 2002, the government entered into a 50-50 joint venture with the Port of Rotterdam to create the sohar Industrial Port Corporation (SIPC),which serves as the landlord for the industrial complex. (Note: The Minister of Commerce and Industry serves as the Chairman of SIPC. End Note.) Since SIPC's establishment, Oman Oil has attracted a number of foreign participants into joint ventures, including a polypropylene and aromatics plant with Korea-based LG and an aluminum smelter with Canada-based Alcan. Oman Oil is also a 20% owner in the Sohar Refinery Company, with the Ministry of Finance holding an 80% stake. HURTADO