DRC: RESPONSE TO QUESTIONS FOR THE NINTH ANNUAL

UNCLAS KINSHASA 000161 SENSITIVE SIPDIS DEPT FOR G/TIP, G-ACBlank, INL, DRL, PRM, AF/RSA E.O. 12958: N/A TAGS: PHUM PREF KTIP KCRM KWMN KFRD SMIG ASEC ELAB CG SUBJECT: DRC: RESPONSE TO QUESTIONS FOR THE NINTH ANNUAL TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP) REPORT REF: 2008 STATE 132759 ¶1. (U) This message contains Embassy Kinshasa's responses to questions in reftel, paragraphs 23-27, on trafficking in persons. ¶2. (SBU) Begin responses to paragraph 23: -- A. What is (are) the source(s) of available information on trafficking in persons? What plans are in place (if any) to undertake further documentation of human trafficking? How reliable are these sources? The following are generally considered reliable sources for TIP reporting: UNICEF, Solidarity Center, Save the Children UK, IOM, the Implementing Agency for the National DDR Program(UEPN-DDR),UN Group of Experts December 2008 Report, Katagan Provincial Minister of Interior, Medecins du Monde, Lazarius, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),Congolese National Ministry of Labor, War Child, World Peasants/Indigenous Organization (WPIO)and the UN Joint Human Rights Office (UNJHRO). Numbers maintained by these sources were estimates only. Their estimates appeared to be reasonable given the size, lack of infrastructure, and the depth of the problems in the DRC. -- B. Is the country a country of origin, transit, and/or destination for internationally trafficked men, women, or children? Yes, the DRC is a country of origin, transit, and destination. Does trafficking occur within the country's borders? If so, does internal trafficking occur in territory outside of the government's control (e.g. in a civil war situation)? Yes, trafficking occurred inside and outside areas of GDRC control. For areas outside of government control, Congolese armed rebel groups continued to recruit and maintain child soldiers and operated in a situation of rebellion against the government. Also, a number of foreign armed groups operated in the DRC due to the government's inability to defend its own territory. To where are people trafficked? Reliable sources indicated that most people were trafficked internally within the DRC. Some girls and women were trafficked to Uganda and Southern Sudan. Others were trafficked to South Africa. For what purposes are they trafficked? Provide, where possible, numbers or estimates for each group of trafficking victims. IOM estimated that 1,500 Congolese women and their dependants remain in Uganda after having been trafficked as "wives" by departing Ugandan People's Defense Force (UPDF)soldiers in 2003. UNICEF estimated that 60,000 boys worked at artisanal mining sites, and an undetermined number of girls worked as prostitutes outside mining sites. Pact said that there are an undetermined number of adults in debt bondage in the mining sector. UNICEF estimated that 11,500 girls worked in prostitution throughout the country. Medecins du Monde estimated that 2,975 girls living on the streets in Kinshasa were involved in prostitution. IOM indicated that there were an undetermined number of women and children who were trafficked internally in the DRC for domestic work and sexual exploitation. IOM also said that there were an undetermined number of women trafficked to South Africa for sexual exploitation. The UN Group of Experts estimated that Rwandan authorities had recruited at least 30 children in Rwanda for work as child soldiers for the CNDP in the DRC. It also believed that an unspecified number of children remained with the 81st and 85th non-integrated FARDC brigades under the control of Colonel Yav and Colonel Matumo respectively. In previous years, the combined estimate from other sources was between 200-300 children. UNICEF estimated that there remained 5,000 child soldiers with rebel armed groups in North and South Kivu Provinces. OCHA estimated that the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA),a non-Congolese organization, had abducted over 800 women and children in 2008 to work as domestic workers and child soldiers in Orientale Province. UNHCR estimated that 300 remain captive with the LRA. The WPIO estimated that at least 200 enslaved Pygmies were working in the agricultural and mining sectors in Eastern DRC. Have there been any changes in the TIP situation since the last TIP Report (e.g. changes in destinations)? The only new development was that the LRA abducted an unspecified number of Congolese women and children into Southern Sudan. -- C. What kind of conditions are the victims trafficked into? Among rebel groups, women and children work in makeshift military camps. Women and girls work as domestics in maintaining the camps, collecting firewood, and cooking. They are also used as sex slaves. Boys work either on the front lines as soldiers or are running ammunition and supplies between the rebel troops. At artisanal mining sites, boys work nine to ten hours a day digging tunnel mines and open-pit mines using rudimentary equipment and without any safety gear. Outside mining sites, girls involved in prostitution work in tents or small huts that are organized as brothels. Street children (girls) involved in prostitution are forced to turn over their earning to gangs who offer "protection" or to madams. Many of the women abducted into Uganda by the UPDF were minors at the time of their abduction with limited ability to refuse and limited understanding either of destination, duration, or conditions they would face in Uganda. The women and children continued in difficult situations resulting from abandonment, death of their spouses, abuse, stigmatization and malnutrition. Pygmies continued to be enslaved as agricultural or domestic workers in some parts of the country. -- D. Vulnerability to TIP: Are certain groups of persons more at risk of being trafficked (e.g. women and children, boys versus girls, certain ethnic groups, refugees, IDPs, etc.)? Children were the most at risk to be trafficked in the DRC. Boys were most likely to be recruited for child soldiering and in working in the mines. Girls were most likely to be found working in prostitution or as sexual slaves in armed groups. Of all the ethnic groups, Pygmies were the most likely to be exploited and sometimes enslaved. -- E. Traffickers and Their Methods: Who are the traffickers/exploiters? Are they independent business people? Small or family-based crime groups? Large international organized crime syndicates? Traffickers included insurgent armed groups, both Congolese and foreign, such as various Mai Mai groups, CNDP, LRA and the FDLR. Another group of traffickers were middle men in the mining sector who enticed children into working in the mines or who manipulated them into debt bondage. With regards to girls working in prostitution, the traffickers were street gangs and madams. What methods are used to approach victims? For example, are they offered lucrative jobs, sold by their families, or approached by friends of friends? Child soldiers were abducted, enticed to join by being promised money, or sent by their parents. Middlemen in the mining sector enticed children into working in the mines by promising them wages. They also manipulated them by forcing them into debt bondage. Street gangs often offer protection to girls on the street. However, the girls often end up working in prostitution. Madams in brothels also offer protection to homeless girls as well as food and shelter. What methods are used to move the victims (e.g., are false documents being used?). Are employment, travel, and tourism agencies or marriage brokers involved with or fronting for traffickers or crime groups to traffic individuals? The majority of victims were trafficked internally. Little or no documentation is used, even for international trafficking. End responses to paragraph 23. ¶3. (SBU) Begin responses to paragraph 24: -- A. Does the government acknowledge that trafficking is a problem in the country? If not, why not? Yes. -- B. Which government agencies are involved in anti- trafficking efforts and which agency, if any, has the lead? No one government agency had the lead on anti-trafficking efforts, although in many instances the Ministry of Justice has the responsibility to investigate and prosecute suspected cases of trafficking. The following is a description of what government agencies are doing to combat TIP: The Ministry of Labor facilitated the creation of the National Committee Against the Worst Forms of Child Labor. The UEPN-DDR launched a national awareness campaign of zero tolerance for child soldiers, and helped to facilitate the handover of identified child soldiers to MONUC and NGOs for rehabilitation. The Military Integrations Structure (SMI) played a key role in identifying and removing child soldiers during the brassage process. The Katangan Provincial Ministry of Interior helped to fund and operate a center for homeless and street children in Lubumbashi. The Provincial Ministries of Education in Orientale, Kasai Oriental, and Katanga are working closely with Save the Children UK and Solidarity Center in implementing projects that aim to reinsert children working in mines into the formal education system. The Bukavu Military Court worked to convict a FARDC officer for recruiting children. The Kipushi Military Court continues to prosecute 24 soldiers for crimes including recruiting children. -- C. What are the limitations on the government's ability to address this problem in practice? For example, is funding for police or other institutions inadequate? Is overall corruption a problem? Does the government lack the resources to aid victims? Corruption: Corrupt officials siphoned meager financial resources available to government agencies to combat human trafficking. Police and soldiers often were not paid. Due to corruption, there was little room for training, capacity building, and assistance to victims in government ministries. Financial: The government lacked sufficient financial, technical, and human resources to address not only trafficking, but even basic levels of security and services. Security services: The police and military were poorly trained, supplied, paid, and managed. The FARDC lacked sufficient command and control to compel many FARDC commanders, much less militia commanders, with child soldiers serving under them to comply with standing orders to release them. -- D. To what extent does the government systematically monitor its anti-trafficking efforts (on all fronts -- prosecution, victim protection, and prevention) and periodically make available, publicly or privately and directly or through regional/international organizations, its assessments of these anti-trafficking efforts? The GDRC does not have the ability to systematically monitor or assess anti-trafficking efforts. However, it did work with MONUC and international NGOs to demobilize child soldiers. Some provincial ministries also worked with international NGOs to encourage children working in the mines to return to school. Police in Bukavu have attempted to shut down brothels ("Maisons de Tolerance") housing young girls working in prostitution. End responses to paragraph 24. ¶4. (SBU) Begin responses to paragraph 25: For questions A-D, posts should highlight in particular whether or not the country has enacted any new legislation since the last TIP report. -- A. Existing Laws against TIP: Does the country have a law or laws specifically prohibiting trafficking in persons -- both for sexual exploitation and labor? If so, please specifically cite the name of the law(s) and its date of enactment and provide the exact language [actual copies preferable] of the TIP provisions. No. Please provide a full inventory of trafficking laws, including non-criminal statutes that allow for civil penalties against alleged trafficking crimes (e.g., civil forfeiture laws and laws against illegal debt). Does the law(s) cover both internal and transnational forms of trafficking? If not, under what other laws can traffickers be prosecuted? For example, are there laws against slavery or the exploitation of prostitution by means of force, fraud, or coercion? Are these other laws being used in trafficking cases? The Child Protection Code, Law 09/001, enacted January 10, 2009,and thus after last year's TIP report, prohibits all forms of forced child labor, child prostitution, and the use of children in any illicit activity. The 2006 Sexual Violence code, Law 6/018, enacted July 20, 2006, includes provisions against, and penalties for, trafficking in persons for sexual purposes, forced prostitution, procuring or supporting prostitution (i.e. pimping),sexual slavery, and the prostitution of minors. It applies to all relevant trafficking activities within Congolese jurisdiction. The Congolese Constitution expressly forbids involuntary servitude. In addition, it forbids enlistment of persons less than 18 years of age into the armed forces. The Labor Code prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15, including as apprentices, unless exempted by a labor inspector. It also prohibits employment of children between the ages of 15-18 without parental consent. -- B. Punishment of Sex Trafficking Offenses: What are the prescribed and imposed penalties for trafficking people for sexual exploitation? Trafficking people for sexual exploitation carries a minimum sentence of 10 years and a maximum of 20 years. -- C. Punishment of Labor Trafficking Offenses: What are the prescribed and imposed penalties for trafficking for labor exploitation, such as forced or bonded labor? To our best knowledge, the government did not determine penalties for labor exploitation nor did it impose them. If your country is a source country for labor migrants, do the government's laws provide for criminal punishment -- i.e. jail time -- for labor recruiters who engage in recruitment of workers using knowingly fraudulent or deceptive offers with the purpose of subjecting workers to trafficking in the destination country? We know of no laws that punish recruiters for trafficking. If your country is a destination for labor migrants, are there laws punishing employers or labor agents who confiscate workers' passports or travel documents for the purpose of trafficking, switch contracts without the worker's consent as a means to keep the worker in a state of service, or withhold payment of salaries as means of keeping the worker in a state of service? N/A -- D. What are the prescribed penalties for rape or forcible sexual assault? (NOTE: This is necessary to evaluate a foreign government's compliance with TVPA Minimum Standard 2, which reads: "For the knowing commission of any act of sex trafficking . . . the government of the country should prescribe punishment commensurate with that for grave crimes, such as forcible sexual assault (rape)." END NOTE) The prescribed penalties carried a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 20 years. In some cases, the penalties could be doubled. The prescribed penalty for trafficking for commercial exploitation carried a sentence of 10 years. -- E. Law Enforcement Statistics: Did the government prosecute any cases against human trafficking offenders during the reporting period? If so, provide numbers of investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences imposed, including details on plea bargains and fines, if relevant and available. The GDRC prosecuted military soldiers and officers during the year for crimes including child soldiering. The Bukavu Military Court in South Kivu sentenced FARDC Major Bwasolo Misaba to five years in prison in April 2008. The Kipushi Military Court in Katanga began the trial against former Mai Mai leader Kyungu Mutanga (a.k.a. Gedeon)in August 2007. The trial continued throughout 2008, added 23 co-defendants, and is yet over. Please note the number of convicted traffickers who received suspended sentences and the number who received only a fine as punishment. Per our knowledge, no traffickers received suspended sentences. Please indicate which laws were used to investigate, prosecute, convict, and sentence traffickers. Article 41 of the law on defence and the armed forces prohibits the maintenance of armed groups formed by young combatants less than 18 years. The new Child Protection Code specifically prohibits the recruitment and use of children by the armed forces, armed groups, and the police. Newly adopted in January 2009, the GDRC has not yet had a chance to apply the law for prosecution. Also, if possible, please disaggregate numbers of cases by type of TIP (labor vs. commercial sexual exploitation) and victims (children under 18 years of age vs. adults). From above referenced child soldiering cases - 25. If in a labor source country, did the government criminally prosecute labor recruiters who recruit workers using knowingly fraudulent or deceptive offers or by imposing fees or commissions for the purpose of subjecting the worker to debt bondage? No. Many recruiters, however, operated in areas that were not under government control. Did the government in a labor destination country criminally prosecute employers or labor agents who confiscate workers' passports/travel documents for the purpose of trafficking, switch contracts or terms of employment without the worker's consent to keep workers in a state of service, use physical or sexual abuse or the threat of such abuse to keep workers in a state of service, or withhold payment of salaries as a means to keep workers in a state of service? What were the actual punishments imposed on persons convicted of these offenses? Are the traffickers serving the time sentenced? If not, why not? N/A - None. -- F. Does the government provide any specialized training for government officials in how to recognize, investigate, and prosecute instances of trafficking? No. Specify whether NGOs, international organizations, and/or the USG provide specialized training for host government officials. MONUC provided training to FARDC troops for demobilizing child soldiers. The International Labor Organization provided capacity training to the members on the National Committee Against the Worst Forms of Child Labor. --G. Does the government cooperate with other governments in the investigation and prosecution of trafficking cases? Per our knowledge, the GDRC did not participate in any cooperative international investigations of trafficking. If possible, provide the number of cooperative international investigations on trafficking during the reporting period. N/A -- H. Does the government extradite persons who are charged with trafficking in other countries? If so, please provide the number of traffickers extradited during the reporting period, and the number of trafficking extraditions pending. In particular, please report on any pending or concluded extraditions of trafficking offenders to the United States. Per our knowledge, no requests for extradition were made. -- I. Is there evidence of government involvement in or tolerance of trafficking, on a local or institutional level? If so, please explain in detail. NGO Lazarius told us that some police in Kinshasa tolerated girls working in prostitution in return for free sex. -- J. If government officials are involved in trafficking, what steps has the government taken to end such participation? Please indicate the number of government officials investigated and prosecuted for involvement in trafficking or trafficking-related corruption during the reporting period. Have any been convicted? What sentence(s) was imposed? Please specify if officials received suspended sentences, or were given a fine, fired, or reassigned to another position within the government as punishment. Please indicate the number of convicted officials that received suspended sentences or received only a fine as punishment. According to MONUC's Child Protection Division, the Bukavu Military Court sentenced FARDC Major Bwasolo Misaba to five years in prison on April 7 for recruiting children between 10 and 14 years old and for illegal use of military ranks. Per MONUC, this is only the second time that authorities have convicted a FARDC officer for recruiting children. It should be pointed out that there is no GDRC judicial presence in many areas where TIP occurs. -- K. Is prostitution legalized or decriminalized? Specifically, are the activities of the prostitute criminalized? Are the activities of the brothel owner/operator, clients, pimps, and enforcers criminalized? Are these laws enforced? If prostitution is legal and regulated, what is the legal minimum age for this activity? Note that in countries with federalist systems, prostitution laws may be under state or local jurisdiction and may differ among jurisdictions. Prostitution activities were illegal. According to Save the Children UK, in Bukavu, South Kivu the child protection unit of the local police actively engaged in trying to shut down brothels (Maisons des Tolerances) that employed young girls. -- L. For countries that contribute troops to international peacekeeping efforts, please indicate whether the government vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted and sentenced nationals of the country deployed abroad as part of a peacekeeping or other similar mission who engaged in or facilitated severe forms of trafficking or who exploited victims of such trafficking. N/A -- M. If the country has an identified problem of child sex tourists coming to the country, what are the countries of origin for sex tourists? How many foreign pedophiles did the government prosecute or deport/extradite to their country of origin? If your host country's nationals are perpetrators of child sex tourism, do the country's child sexual abuse laws have extraterritorial coverage (similar to the U.S. PROTECT Act) to allow the prosecution of suspected sex tourists for crimes committed abroad? If so, how many of the country's nationals were prosecuted and/or convicted during the reporting period under the extraterritorial provision(s) for traveling to other countries to engage in child sex tourism? N/A End responses to paragraph 25. ¶5. (SBU) Begin responses to paragraph 26: -- A. What kind of protection is the government able under existing law to provide for victims and witnesses? Does it provide these protections in practice? The Katangan Provincial Ministry of Interior provided food and shelter to street children in Lubumbashi through its center for street children. The Government also works with NGO's and religious entities throughout the country who provide such activities. -- B. Does the country have victim care facilities (shelters or drop-in centers) which are accessible to trafficking victims? Yes, please see above. Do foreign victims have the same access to care as domestic trafficking victims? Yes, in principle, although it is hard to verify, particularly in border areas. Where are child victims placed (e.g., in shelters, foster care, or juvenile justice detention centers)? Child soldiers were handed over to MONUC, UNICEF, Save the Children UK, and other NGOs for assistance, rehabilitation, and reunification with their families. Does the country have specialized care for adults in addition to children? No. Does the country have specialized care for male victims as well as female? No. Does the country have specialized facilities dedicated to helping victims of trafficking? Are these facilities operated by the government or by NGOs? What is the funding source of these facilities? Please estimate the amount the government spent (in U.S. dollar equivalent) on these specialized facilities dedicated to helping trafficking victims during the reporting period. Yes. NGOs operated centers to help rehabilitate demobilized child soldiers. Their funding source was from international donors. Funding amounts are not known. -- C. Does the government provide trafficking victims with access to legal, medical and psychological services? If so, please specify the kind of assistance provided. No. Does the government provide funding or other forms of support to foreign or domestic NGOs and/or international organizations for providing these services to trafficking victims? Please explain and provide any funding amounts in U.S. dollar equivalent. If assistance provided was in-kind, please specify exact assistance. Please specify if funding for assistance comes from a federal budget or from regional or local governments. The GDRC allowed, and in some cases worked closely with, NGOs and international organizations to provide these services. These organizations informed the GDRC of their activities. -- D. Does the government assist foreign trafficking victims, for example, by providing temporary to permanent residency status, or other relief from deportation? If so, please explain. No, but in practice victims are very rarely subject to deportation. -- E. Does the government provide longer-term shelter or housing benefits to victims or other resources to aid the victims in rebuilding their lives? No. -- F. Does the government have a referral process to transfer victims detained, arrested or placed in protective custody by law enforcement authorities to institutions that provide short- or long-term care (either government or NGO-run)? When child soldiers were apprehended or showed up to brassage centers, the FARDC and UEPN-DDR referred them to MONUC and NGOs for care. -- G. What is the total number of trafficking victims identified during the reporting period? The total of the estimates for all different kinds of trafficking equaled 80,000. Of these, how many victims were referred to care facilities for assistance by law enforcement authorities during the reporting period? Per Save the Children, approximately 2,200 children were demobilized during the year. According to UEPN-DDR, approximately 3,000 child soldiers were demobilized. A sharp increase in child soldier demobilization has taken place since the January 2009 agreement between CNDP General Ntaganda and the FARDC. One week into the CNDP integration process, MONUC reported that 223 child soldiers (207 Mai Mai/Pareco and 16 CNDP) had been demobilized by MONUC's Child Protection Division. MONUC praised DRC authorities and the rebel groups for their cooperation. By social services officials? To our knowledge, none. What is the number of victims assisted by government-funded assistance programs and those not funded by the government during the reporting period? The government run child center in Lubumbashi held a capacity of 730 children. -- H. Do the government's law enforcement, immigration, and social services personnel have a formal system of proactively identifying victims of trafficking among high-risk persons with whom they come in contact (e.g., foreign persons arrested for prostitution or immigration violations)? Per our knowledge, no. For countries with legalized prostitution, does the government have a mechanism for screening for trafficking victims among persons involved in the legal/regulated commercial sex trade? N/A. -- I. Are the rights of victims respected? Are trafficking victims detained or jailed? If so, for how long? Are victims fined? Are victims prosecuted for violations of other laws, such as those governing immigration or prostitution? The FARDC occasionally detained demobilized child soldiers on charges of being members of illegal armed groups. However, they were released quickly if discovered by MONUC or NGOs. -- J. Does the government encourage victims to assist in the investigation and prosecution of trafficking? We are not aware of any government encouragement. How many victims assisted in the investigation and prosecution of traffickers during the reporting period? We are not aware of any assistance by victims. May victims file civil suits or seek legal action against traffickers? Yes. Although, not aware of any cases filed during reporting period. Does anyone impede victim access to such legal redress? If a victim is a material witness in a court case against a former employer, is the victim permitted to obtain other employment or to leave the country pending trial proceedings? Are there means by which a victim may obtain restitution? Not aware of any cases filed. -- K. Does the government provide any specialized training for government officials in identifying trafficking victims and in the provision of assistance to trafficked victims, including the special needs of trafficked children? Not aware of any specialized training. Does the government provide training on protections and assistance to its embassies and consulates in foreign countries that are destination or transit countries? Not aware of any training. What is the number of trafficking victims assisted by the host country's embassies or consulates abroad during the reporting period? Please explain the type of assistance provided (travel documents, referrals to assistance, payment for transportation home). Not aware of any cases. -- L. Does the government provide assistance, such as medical aid, shelter, or financial help, to its nationals who are repatriated as victims of trafficking? Not aware of any government assistance to repatriated victims. -- M. Which international organizations or NGOs, if any, work with trafficking victims? MONUC, UNICEF, IOM, BVES, CAJED, Save the Children UK, Lazarius What type of services do they provide? Services included: community re-integration, vocational training, re-enrollment in primary or secondary education, conflict resolution seminars, sexual violence counseling, psychological counseling, mediation between children and families, and medical treatment. What sort of cooperation do they receive from local authorities? They usually received full cooperation. End responses to paragraph 26. ¶6. (SBU) Begin responses to paragraph 27: -- A. Did the government conduct anti-trafficking information or education campaigns during the reporting period? If so, briefly describe the campaign(s), including their objectives and effectiveness. Please provide the number of people reached by such awareness efforts, if available. The UEPN-DDR launched a national awareness campaign of zero tolerance for child soldiers in Kinshasa, Goma, and Bukavu respectively on June 16, 21, and 23. Through lobbying efforts it targeted both military and political leaders. For the general public, UEPN-DDR produced sketches, public service announcements, and debates broadcasted by six radio and TV stations in July and August. The UEPN-DDR also sent field teams to 23 sites throughout South Kivu, North Kivu, Katanga and Equateur Provinces. Do these campaigns target potential trafficking victims and/or the demand for trafficking (e.g. "clients" of prostitutes or beneficiaries of forced labor)? (Note: This can be an especially noteworthy effort where prostitution is legal. End Note.) They targeted the demand and the acceptability of using child soldiers. -- B. Does the government monitor immigration and emigration patterns for evidence of trafficking? Not aware of any government monitoring. -- C. Is there a mechanism for coordination and communication between various agencies, internal, international, and multilateral on trafficking-related matters, such as a multi-agency working group or a task force? Not specifically. However, FARDC, UEPN-DDR, MONUC DDR, MONUC Child Protection, and international NGOs have created communication links between themselves and with host country officials to quickly demobilize child soldiers once they are discovered. -- D. Does the government have a national plan of action to address trafficking in persons? No. If the plan was developed during the reporting period, which agencies were involved in developing it? Were NGOs consulted in the process? What steps has the government taken to implement the action plan? N/A -- E: What measures has the government taken during the reporting period to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts? (see ref B, para. 9(3) for examples) None. -- F. Required of all Posts: What measures has the government taken during the reporting period to reduce the participation in international child sex tourism by nationals of the country? N/A - No sex tourism here. -- G. Required of posts in countries that have contributed over 100 troops to international peacekeeping efforts (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Korea (South),Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Senegal, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe): What measures has the government adopted to ensure that its nationals who are deployed abroad as part of a peacekeeping or other similar mission do not engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking or exploit victims of such trafficking? If posts do not provide an answer to this question, the Department may consider including a statement in the country assessment to the effect that "An assessment regarding Country X's efforts to ensure that its troops deployed abroad for international peacekeeping missions do not engage in or facilitate trafficking or exploit trafficking victims was unavailable for this reporting period." N/A End responses to paragraph 27. GARVELINK