KAZAKHSTAN CASPIAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 04 ASTANA 000675 SIPDIS STATE FOR SCA/CEN, EUR/CARC, EUR/RUS, NEA/IR, EEB/ESC STATE PLEASE PASS TO USTDA FOR DAN STEIN E.O. 12958: N/A TAGS: PGOV PREL ECON EPET EINV RS IR KZ SUBJECT: KAZAKHSTAN CASPIAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS REF: (A) ASTANA 0578 (B) ASTANA 0530 (C) ASTANA 0283 (D) BAKU 0314 ASTANA 00000675 001.2 OF 004 ¶1. (U) Sensitive but unclassified. Not for public Internet. ¶2. (SBU) SUMMARY: The government of Kazakhstan is committed to developing alternative oil export routes, whether by pipeline, rail, or tanker, that reduce its dependence on Russia. From April 9-17, Energy Officer joined a definitional mission from the U.S. Trade and Development Agency to Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan to identify technical assistance projects to develop the Kazakhstan Caspian Transportation System (KCTS),which is expected to move as much as 1 million barrels of oil per day from Atyrau to market through Baku, Makhachkala (Russia),and possibly Neka (Iran) by 2015. With one notable exception, company executives and government officials agreed that KCTS will be necessary to accommodate oil production from Tengiz and Kashagan starting in 2013. Although many key aspects of this multi-billion dollar oil export project remain to be determined -- such as whether international oil companies (IOCs) will take an equity stake, who will build the pipeline from Eskene to Kuryk, and what size oil tankers will be used -- the basic concept is already being tested and millions of dollars have been invested in infrastructure on Kazakhstan's side of the Caspian. This cable summarizes those infrastructure projects; septel will look at the stakeholders in Kazakhstan and their equities in the project. END SUMMARY. PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE ¶3. (SBU) The basic concept behind KCTS is already being successfully tested. Tengizchevroil (TCO) now sends approximately 75,000 barrels per day (bpd) by rail from Atyrau to Aktau, where it is loaded onto 12,000 deadweight ton (dwt) tankers and shipped to Baku, for onward distribution to global markets via the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline. KCTS will replace the rail link with a 281-mile pipeline from Eskene to Kuryk; deploy massive, 63,000 dwt tankers; and enhance port infrastructure in Kuryk and Baku to accommodate the larger tankers. (NOTE: At the moment, no port on the Caspian can dock -- and no shipyard can build -- a tanker as large as those called for by KCTS. END NOTE.) An engineering study commissioned by national oil company KazMunaiGas (KMG) projects KCTS capacity at 56 million tons of crude per year (approximately 1.1 million barrels per day) and estimates that the Kuryk portion of the project will cost $700 million for new rail terminals, platforms, berths, and vessel servicing infrastructure. CRUDE SHIPMENTS TO IRAN EXPECTED TO CONTINUE ¶4. (SBU) A constant refrain during the definitional mission was that KCTS will provide Kazakhstani shippers with the flexibility to ship crude to three ports on the Caspian: Baku, Makhachkala (Russia),and Neka (Iran). On April 13, Murat Kurbanbayev, Deputy General Director of MangistauMunaiGas (MMG),said that oil swaps with Iran are a significant source of revenue to the company. (NOTE: On April 16, the China National Petroleum Corporation purchased 50 percent of MMG for $1.4 billion. END NOTE). Kurbanbayev said Iran will continue to be a viable export option for Kazakhstan, particularly as the volume of production and the number of tankers in the Caspian increase. He explained that MMG does not sell to Iran directly. Instead, private oil traders buy oil from MMG, pick it up at the port in Aktau, load it onto tankers, mix it with lighter crude from other fields, and ship it directly to Neka. According to Kurbanbayev, the Ministry of Energy determines what volumes go where: "All of these questions are decided at the top and handed down." ¶5. (SBU) Vladimir Konstantinov, Deputy Director of the Aktau Sea Port, told Energy Officer on April 13 that Kazakhstan swaps approximately five million tons of oil per year, or 100,000 bpd, with Iran. He confirmed that private oil traders ship Kazakhstani crude to Baku, Makhachkala, and Neka and considers it beneficial for ASTANA 00000675 002.2 OF 004 Kazakhstan to have multiple export options. "It's very good that we now ship our crude in all three directions," he said. "It gives us flexibility to maneuver." The Deputy Governor (Akim) of Mangistau Oblast, Amangeldy Aitkulov, echoed these remarks, telling Energy Officer on April 13, "It is important for Kazakhstan to have alternative export routes, including Iran." KCTS CRITICAL TO FUTURE OIL EXPORTS ¶6. (SBU) The government of Kazakhstan, particularly state-owned oil company KazMunaiGas (KMG),is committed to moving forward with KCTS. Political support is strong, feasibility studies are underway, and KMG is willing to sell IOCs equity in the project. KMG and IOC executives agree that KCTS will be essential if Kazakhstan is to develop alternative export routes for its future oil production. On April 15, Richard Eldridge, Director of TCO's Future Growth project, told Energy Officer that output at Tengiz will grow from current levels of 540,000 bpd to 780,000 bpd by 2013, and 1.1 million bpd by ¶2016. Agip KCO's Public Relations Manager Richard Fritz told Energy Officer that production at Kashagan will begin with approximately 75,000 bpd in 2012, and grow to 150,000 bpd in 2013, 300,000 bpd in 2014, and 450,000 bpd by 2015. TCO's Transportation Manager Doug Schoen said that even if the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) pipeline's capacity is expanded to 1.3 million bpd, there will still not be enough westward export capacity to accommodate increased volumes from Tengiz and Kashagan, unless KCTS is fully developed. A DISCORDANT NOTE FROM A KEY STAKEHOLDER ¶7. (SBU) Vice Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Lyazzat Kiinov, however, sounded a discordant note, telling Energy Officer on April 17, "There is no oil transportation crisis. We are expanding the Atyrau-Samara pipeline, we are expanding the CPC pipeline, we are expanding the pipeline to China, and we will continue to use 12,000 dwt tankers to ship crude across the Caspian. We have all the transportation capacity we will need for the next ten years." (COMMENT: When listing Kazakhstan's oil transportation capacity, Kiinov assumed that the IOCs would be just as willing to ship to China or Russia as they would via KCTS. In fact, that decision will depend on a number of factors, including the netback price they receive, the volumes they have available, and the quality guarantees they are given. END COMMENT.) INFRASTRUCTURE EXPANSION UNDERWAY AT KURYK ¶8. (SBU) The two-lane road from Aktau to Kuryk is absolutely atrocious. Nominally paved with asphalt, the road is riddled with potholes and makes for a back-breaking ride, even at speeds below 60 kmh. The final five kilometers to town is simply open steppe. However, Energy Officer observed more than a dozen dump trucks, bulldozers, and steamrollers building a new, four-lane asphalt road, which is expected to be completed by the end of the year. In addition, development of other transportation infrastructure in Kuryk is also underway. On April 12, Minister of Transportation Abelgazy Kussainov visited Kuryk to inaugurate a new railway terminal and a 14-kilometer rail line, expected to be completed this year, linking Yeraliyevo to Kuryk. ITALIAN JOINT VENTURE TO BUILD LARGE TANKERS ¶9. (SBU) In September 2004, an Italian-Kazakhstani joint venture, Ersai, 60 percent owned by Italy's Saipem and 40 percent owned by a group controlled by Kazakhstani businessman Nurlan Kapparov, invested $100 million to develop a steel fabrication yard to support the offshore development of Kashagan and other fields. According to Salvatore Ripepi, Operations Manager for Ersai, the company will invest an additional $300 million in Kuryk by the end of 2009, including $100 million for a new dry dock. Ripepi said the dry dock investment will enable Ersai to build or assemble large, 60,000 dwt tankers. He added that a number of harbor improvements have been made, including installation of a 100-meter opening door, which he ASTANA 00000675 003.2 OF 004 said is larger than any in Europe. Ripepi said Ersai is already equipped to build tankers up to 10,000 dwt and noted that the current draught at Kuryk is 4.5 to 5.0 meters, which is deep enough for Ersai to service the largest vessels currently plying the Caspian Sea. The company has plans to increase the draught to 20 meters, which would enable them to service ships as large as 63,000 dwt. "The soil investment is done and permits have been awarded," Ripepi said. "We will excavate in July and are now soliciting bids for dredging." When asked to confirm Ersai's plans to build or assemble tankers as large as 60,000 dwt, Ripepi said that was indeed the company's plan. "In fact," he said, "it would be very difficult for us to work on smaller ships, because we would have to adjust the assembly apparatus to do so." ADVOCATES FOR AKTAU ¶10. (SBU) Expansion of the port of Aktau is also underway. While KCTS would ultimately operate from Kuryk, not Aktau, oil shipments from Aktau via 12,000 dwt tankers are expected to continue for several years. Aktau port's Deputy Director Konstantinov said that four new berths are under development, in addition to new oil terminals and a new harbor. He said these enhancements will allow the port to load and ship an additional 240,000-280,000 bpd, bringing its total capacity to 500,000 bpd. Konstantinov confirmed that the largest tankers any port in the Caspian can currently accommodate are 13,000 dwt and he said that only Aktau, Baku, and Makhachkala can handle ships of that size. He added that the largest tanker Neka can currently handle is 5,000 dwt. Advocating for a continued role for Aktau in future oil shipments across the Caspian, Konstantinov said that 12,000 dwt tankers are safe, provide a steady return on investment, and fit with current terminals. He said that using larger ships would require "huge investments in supporting infrastructure." ¶11. (SBU) Murat Ormanov is General Director of KazMorTransFlot (KMTF),which is 50 percent owned by KMG and 50 percent owned by the Samruk-Kazyna National Welfare Fund. His company owns and operates 16 ships, including three 12,000 dwt tankers built in St. Petersburg, eight barges, and five tug boats. On March 27, KMTF awarded a contract to Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard (Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia) to construct three 13,000 dwt tankers for $66.45 million. Ormanov said that the first tanker will be delivered in August, the second in May 2010, and the third in July 2010. He added that Russian and Ukrainian crews are trained and available to man the ships. According to Ormanov, KMTF also leases up to 30 additional tankers from Azerbaijan and Russia and operates "a few" 80,000-120,000 dwt tankers in the Mediterranean Sea. Ormanov said KMTF shipped six million tons of crude in 2008 in all three directions: Baku, Makhachkala, and Neka. EXPANSION OF SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE AT BAUTINO ¶12. (SBU) While the port of Bautino is not expected to play a direct role in transporting oil from Kazakhstan across the Caspian, Bautino's oil response base, fleet coordination facilities, and marine fuel station could provide important support to the shipping operations of KCTS. The largest operation at Bautino is the base owned and operated by Agip KCO, which is focused on providing logistical support to Kashagan. Alessandro Masiero, Bautino Base Manager for Agip KCO, said the port offers a natural harbor free of ice which is navigable year-round. ¶13. (SBU) The Bautino base currently provides Kashagan with a wide range of services, including fleet coordination, crew changes, waste management, oil spill response, materials supply, and storage. Masiero said Agip KCO will expand the Bautino base and build a new jetty, an airplane runway, and a helipad for medevac emergencies. He added that the water depth around the base is five to six meters, but dredging is ongoing. In addition to Agip's Bautino base, TenizService, a wholly-owned subsidiary of KMG, owns and operates a facility at Tupkaragan Bay in Bautino. TenizService provides rock ASTANA 00000675 004.2 OF 004 loading, waste management, fire response, and marine fueling services to the operators of Kashagan, Pearls, and the N Block. COMMENT ¶14. (SBU) Although the IOCs and the government of Kazakhstan are clearly committed to the project, several fundamental questions about KCTS remain unanswered. It is unclear, for example, if IOCs will be allowed to take an equity position in the project, who will construct and own the pipeline from Eskene to Kuryk, what size tankers will be used, where they will be built and assembled, who will crew and pilot the ships, which ports and terminals will be used, and which export routes from Baku onward will be utilized. These are fundamental, even existential, questions that must be answered before KCTS becomes a reality, and before Kashagan volumes come online in 2013. What is clear, however, is that marine transportation of Kazakhstani crude from its largest fields to its closest markets is not only doable -- it is being done. TCO ships Tengiz crude by rail to Aktau, by tanker to Baku, and by pipeline to Ceyhan. With continued U.S. diplomatic support, future USTDA technical assistance, IOC financial and technical contributions, and the patience to bake the pie before slicing it up, KCTS can develop into a viable, alternative export route for Kazakhstani crude. HOAGLAND