PROSPECTS FOR COLLABORATION ON SOLAR ENERGY

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 10 NEW DELHI 002278 STATE FOR OES/PCI, OES/STC, OES/SAT, OES/EGC, AND SCA/INS STATE FOR STAS STATE PASS TO NSF FOR INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS HHS PASS TO NIH STATE PASS TO USAID STATE FOR SCA, OES (STAS FEDOROFF); OES/PDAS/RHARNISH; OES/PCI STEWART; OES/IHB MURPHY; OES/GTHOMPSON STATE FOR EEB/DAVID HENRY PASS TO MAS/DAS/JESTRADA PASS TO MAC/DAS/HVINEYARD PASS TO NSF/MLUECK SLUG TO DOE/DAS/JMIZROCH; DOE/MGINZBERG SLUG TO DOE/ (TCUTLER/GBISCONTI/CGILLESPIE) SENSITIVE SIPDIS E.O. 12958: N/A TAGS: ENRG TRGY SENV KGHG TSPL TNGD EIND KSCA ECON SUBJECT: PROSPECTS FOR COLLABORATION ON SOLAR ENERGY BRIGHTEN WITH INDIA'S NEW CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY NEW DELHI 00002278 001.2 OF 010 ¶1. (U) Summary. The recently announced National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) envisages solar energy as a key element to India's energy security and climate change strategy. It calls for the formation of a new National Solar Mission (NSM),which is expected to lead to more integrated Government of India (GOI) action in the solar energy front and boost local solar industries. The Indian solar photovoltaic (PV) industry is already booming with an annual growth of 35 percent and investment proposals worth USD 15 billion in one year (2007-2008) driven by government incentives, high fuel prices, increasing local demand, and a strong export market. The solar PV industry?s plans to expand capacity to over 2 to 3 GW by 2012 is five years ahead of GOI plans in the NAPCC of 1 GW annual solar PV production capacity by 2017. The renewed GOI interest is also expected to rejuvenate R&D on solar energy at the national labs which has been lagging behind. Having set up a big vision for solar, the GOI is looking for collaborations with the US in both R&D and commercial spheres including help in formulation of its strategy for NSM that will accelerate the implementation of the NAPCC. There continue to be some logistical hurdles as well as misgivings on the forward movement of joint initiatives. However, it is an opportunity for not only enhancing the existing US-Indo cooperation but for creating new engagements in all areas of solar technology. End Summary. -------------- -------------- SOLAR ENERGY A KEY SPOKE IN THE GROWING INDIAN ENERGY WHEEL -------------- -------------- ¶2. (U) To sustain its economic growth, India needs to drastically augment energy production in the coming decades. Even India's current installed capacity of 144 GW is insufficient to prevent frequent and severe power shortages due to the over 15 percent differential between the peak power supply and demand. According to a recent McKinsey report for the Ministry of Power (MoP),in the short term India needs to nearly triple its power generation to about 335 GW, with an investment of over USD 600 billion to sustain 8 percent growth. India's Integrated Energy Policy estimates the country will need at least 800 GW power by 2032 for energy security. India will need to consider all forms of available energy to meet the huge demand. ¶3. (U) Solar energy could be a useful contributor to the Indian power basket. India has abundant solar resources - about 3000 hours of sunshine every year, equivalent to over 5,000 trillion kWh. However the total installed capacity of solar energy based systems (PV and thermal) including grid connected and distributed is only 0.1 percent of the total power generated in the country or about 2 percent of total installed capacity of renewable energy of 12 GW, as compared to nearly 65 percent in the case of wind energy (8 GW). While solar remains important to the estimated 1.5 million Indian households off the electrical grid that use it for hot water, lighting, water pumping, traffic signals, television, and other low power applications, India's overall solar install-base is still quite low compared to Europe, North America, and most recently China. ¶4. (U) Responsibility in GOI for activities related to solar energy span across the government, but the nodal NEW DELHI 00002278 002.2 OF 010 ministry is the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). MNRE offers several financial incentive programs to increase solar energy technology production and use, including a feed-in tariff and a remote village lighting program. MNRE also operates the Solar Energy Centre (SEC) near Delhi, a dedicated unit for development of solar energy technologies, promotion of solar applications and testing and calibration of products. Other key government organizations include the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) under the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST),which does basic and applied research on solar and other technologies. Its oldest institution is the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Delhi, with core competencies in electronic materials and materials characterization. The CSIR also supports Central Electronics Limited (CEL) in Sahibabad near Delhi, a public sector enterprise that produces PV modules. Other agencies with funding for solar include Department of Space (DoS), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),Department of Information Technology (DIT),the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Ministry of Power (MoP). In total, GOI has allocated over USD 1 billion for solar energy based R&D and deployment of solar based products by various agencies in the eleventh five year plan (2007- 2012). -------------- -------------- GOI Releases Big Solar Vision but no Central Strategy Yet -------------- -------------- ¶5. (SBU) The recently released National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) highlights solar as a key element to India's energy and climate change strategy. The NAPCC identifies eight National Missions including one "to significantly increase the share of solar in the total energy mix." The National Solar Mission (NSM) will fine tune existing policies or formulate new ones to support (1) the deployment of commercial solar technologies in the country, (2) the establishment of a solar research facility to coordinate country-wide activities, (3) the realization of private sector capacity to deliver complete system for use of solar energy, (4) networking Indian researchers with international initiatives to promote collaborative research and (5) providing grants to promote all the above activities. By the end of the twelfth five-year plan in 2017, the Mission aims to facilitate local PV production of 1GW/annum and the establishment of an integrated power generation facility of 1GW using concentrated solar power. The Mission also hopes to use solar energy to achieve 80 percent coverage of low temperature (less than 150 deg C) applications including water/air heating, cooking, drying of agricultural and food products, water purification, detoxification of wastes, cooling, and refrigeration, as well as 60 percent coverage of medium temperature (150 to 250 deg C) applications including heat based industrial processes using large area solar dish concentrators. ¶6. (SBU) Despite the renewed emphasis on solar in the NAPCC, the former Secretary of the MNRE, Mr. Subramanian, confirmed that the coordination committee to formulate and oversee the actual plan for the implementation of the NSM by the end of the year has not yet been constituted. Dr. Bhargava, Adviser on solar PV at MNRE, conveyed that a common strategy on solar is being developed, but government NEW DELHI 00002278 003.2 OF 010 stakeholders do understand the need to work together for effective output. Scientists at the Solar Energy Center (SEC) under the MNRE were unaware of how the NSM would be implemented, though they said SEC would "probably" be designated the coordinating research facility mentioned in the plan. ¶7. (U) Besides the NAPCC the Prime Minister?s Energy Coordination Committee (ECC,) in an effort to accelerate India?s adoption of renewable energy, has approved the initiative to enact a new "Renewable Energy Act" by MNRE. The law looks to stipulate mandatory procurement of prescribed minimum renewable energy in each state of India. MNRE believes this will enable India to meet 20 percent of India's energy requirements from renewable energy by 2020. Currently renewables account for 8 percent of Indian power needs and this includes wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and other technologies. MNRE had entrusted the Pune-based, non-profit and non-governmental organization, The World Institute of Sustainable Energy (WISE) with the responsibility of formulating the draft of act, which according to WISE is ready now. 8 (U) With rising crude oil prices and with a view to reducing the oil subsidy burden, Indian PM has asked MNRE to ensure that the kerosene lanterns in rural areas should be replaced with solar lanterns at the earliest. Many Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) have also joined this initiative along with MNRE. The Energy Research Institute (TERI),Delhi along with many international NGOs including Clinton Global Initiative, have initiated a program called "Light a Billion Lives" (LaBL) with the aim of distributing 200 million solar lanterns across the world, with India being one of the key destinations. Another NGO called Bharatiya Vikas Trust (BVT),Manipal - Karnataka, along with an entrepreneur Dr.Harish Hande's company Selco and a public sector bank - Syndicate Bank, India has developed a non subsidy based model for lighting up rural households without electricity using solar lamps. They have together supported over 100,000 families in 100 villages. It may be mentioned here that USAID had also supported BVT in the initial stages and Dr. Hande of Selco, Bangalore continues to work with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for development of sustainable energy products. -------------- PV Industry Growing Fast -------------- ¶9. (U) Despite the absence of a unified government solar strategy, domestic solar PV manufacturing is taking off. The Indian PV market was valued at USD 15 billion in 2007, and is expected to reach USD 70-100 billion by 2012. The surge is encouraged by high oil prices, technological advances, surging European PV market, low local labor costs and GOI incentive programs. The incentives include support price of Rs 12 (approx 30 cents) per kilowatt of solar PV based power and Rs 10 (approx 25 cents) per kilowatt of solar thermal power contributed to the grid. However in the initial phase this incentive is for a maximum of 50 MW of PV and solar thermal based power generation. MNRE has also announced the setting up of 60 solar cities through public-private partnerships, with the goal of having a solar city in every one of the twenty nine Indian states NEW DELHI 00002278 004.2 OF 010 and no more than five in any given state. ¶10. (U) Another important incentive program is the Special Incentive Package Scheme (SIPS) managed by MNRE and the Ministry of Information Technology's (MIT). SIPS supports setting up of semiconductor based manufacturing facilities by subsidizing up to 20 percent of the initial capital investment in Special Economic Zones and up to 25 percent in other parts of India for a period of 10 years. Special economic zones offer added benefits including flexible employment laws, established support infrastructure, tax rebates, several regulatory and fiscal incentives and an internationally competitive and hassle free environment for exports. These incentives are available for capital investment of over USD 600 million to start new projects and over USD 250 million to expand existing projects. The scheme has led to proposals worth nearly USD 15 billion including over USD 1 billion each from Reliance Industries, Moser Baer, Signet Solar, Solar Semiconductor, Bhaskara Silicon and Nanotech Silicon. Several companies investing under SIPS on solar energy projects include Tata BP, Titan Energy, KSK Energy Ventures, Webel SL Energy, and Photon Energy Systems. Most of these companies have either US partners or originated in the US. ¶11. (SBU) These companies are working on a variety of solar technologies including silicon based crystalline and polycrystalline solar cells, amorphous silicon thin film solar cells, novel nanomaterials based solar cells, Copper Indium Diselenide / Copper Indium Galium Diselenide based thin film solar cells, concentrator cells, solar thermal based manufacturing, and hybrid solar cells. They are also looking out for newer technologies and partners. Moser Baer PV (MBPV) is partnering with several US companies, including California-based Applied Materials and Solfocus to establish a first of its kind large Thin Film (TF)PV production facility and a concentrator solar cell production facility respectively. The TF PV process is expected to produce single PV panels of size over 2.6 m by 2.2 m, using a technology similar to the seventh generation flat panel displays manufactured in Japan. The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE),a leading global entrepreneurship nurturing organization which originated in Silicon Valley, recently started a "Clean Tech Focus Group" in Bangalore to identify opportunities for investment in India. The group believes that by 2010 approximately USD 19 billion will be invested in clean technologies with a major share in solar energy based technology. ¶12. (SBU) SciOffs spoke with Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL),India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the conventional power sector and the fifth largest producer of PV cells, about their increasing investments in solar. Dr. R. K. Bhogra, Head of the Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Plant (ASSSCP) in Gurgaon near New Delhi, said that the recent entry of large companies like Reliance and Tata has increased investor confidence in the sector. The budget for ASSCP increased from approximately USD 75 million in 2006 to a projected USD 225 million in 2009, with a focus on their in-house developed double junction amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film technology (as opposed to Moser Baer and others focusing on single junction a-Si:H thin film technology). BHEL's crystalline silicon business is also expected to NEW DELHI 00002278 005.2 OF 010 grow from 3MW production capacity to a proposed 100MW production capability, with a focus on individual installations greater than 100kW. ¶13. (SBU) One of the biggest problems facing all the PV manufacturers in India working with the conventional crystalline or polycrystalline silicon technology is the global shortage of silicon wafers and lack of any Indian sources. Dr.Kaul, General Manger of Production at CEL, India's largest PV manufacturer until a couple of years ago, told SciFSN that getting silicon wafers has been so difficult that they have been unable to run the plant at maximum capacity of 15 MW and are wary of expansion. He added that the planned silicon wafer production facilities by both the government and the private players like Reliance and Bhaskar Silicon would not happen at least before 2010. He also mentioned that once they are assured of silicon wafers they can easily expand their manufacturing capacity as crystalline silicon technology is a mature and established technology. It may be mentioned here that Bhaskar Silicon expects its Haldia facility in West Bengal to be ready to produce 2500 tonnes of poly silicon by late 2009, when the first phase would be ready and plan to expand the capacity to 5000 tonnes of poly silicon in another two years. They hope to especially cater to small and medium enterprises involved in PV module manufacturing, besides their own plan to produce 250MW of PV modules per annum. ¶14. (SBU) SciCouns and SciFSN visited Moser Baer PV manufacturing facility in Greater Noida near New Delhi. MBPV is one of the fastest growing PV companies in India with ambitions of being the world's largest PV producer. MBPV is an offshoot of Moser Baer, the world's second largest optical disc manufacturer. Dr.Rajiv Arya, Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer (CTO) told SciCouns that MBPV had taken a decision to move to PV as it could leverage its expertise on large volume TF based optical disc production to manufacture solar panels and derive similar advantages of scale and cost in PV domain. He said that MBPV had already invested USD 3.2 billion on research, development and manufacturing of PV products and hopes to produce modules capable of generating over 1 GW power by 2012. He showed their first trial TFPV panel of 2.6m x 2.2m, which when fully ready could produce nearly 360 W power, which is more than double the capability of the current largest PV module in the market. He further added that MBPV has already finalized discussion with some states including Rajasthan and West Bengal to establish grid connected PV based power plants and soon hopes to set up power plants in most states in India. -------------- -------------- Government-funded R&D Trailing Industry Growth -------------- --- ¶15. (U) Despite rapid private sector growth, the mostly government-funded Indian solar research scene had been low key with insufficient resources and little industry participation. Only a few institutes have active solar research programs, including the Indian Association for Cultivation for Science (IACS) in Jadhavpur, the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore, the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Mumbai, and aforementioned NEW DELHI 00002278 006.2 OF 010 SEC and National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in New Delhi. These facilities generally focus on solar PV materials and devices; there is little work on PV panels and associated systems and even less activity on solar thermal. SEC and a few small and medium entrepreneurs conduct development work on sub-systems associated with solar energy storage and delivery. During visits to SEC and NPL SciOffs found only small-scale projects with outdated equipment. ¶16. (SBU) Increased funding in the latest five-year plan, however, suggests the R&D situation may be changing. Based on the recommendation of the steering committee for S&T for the eleventh plan and the Integrated Energy Policy (IEP) Report of the Planning Commission, MNRE has more than doubled its budget allocation for renewable energies from nearly USD 1 billion during the tenth plan period to USD 2.5 billion in the eleventh plan period. Dr. Bhargava of MNRE mentioned to SciFSN that the research budget for solar energy related activities increased nearly ten fold in the in the eleventh plan. MNRE alone has planned for allocation of USD 550 million for solar PV and thermal based research, rural lighting and electrification and urban and industrial applications. CSIR labs plan to invest over USD 150 million for solar PV based research, and they will work with CEL to jointly develop 18% efficiency silicon solar cells using 15cm and 20cm wafers by the end of 2012. In total, the estimated allocation for research and product development activity related to solar energy is close to USD 1 billion during the eleventh plan period. This may further increase once the NSM is formalized. ¶17. (U) GOI has also identified several Centers of Excellence which are receiving additional funds for setting up advanced user facilities in the country. These include institutes mentioned earlier like IACS (amorphous silicon technology),IIT Mumbai (hybrid solar cells),IISc (organic solar cells),and NPL (crystalline / polysilicon solar cell). MNRE has further identified Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) under the Department of Atomic Energy as the nodal center for development of solar concentrator receiving towers, BARC and National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) as the joint nodal center for hybrid thermal power generation systems, and BARC and IIT Mumbai as a joint nodal center for development of solar thermal power generation systems. Each center of excellence will have associated industrial partners so that new technologies reach the market in the shortest time. Other key areas being funded include sub-systems like batteries and associated electronics, silicon crystal growth, dye sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, solar concentrator cells, high temperature solar thermal based power generation systems, and development of solar thermal based urban and industrial applications. -------------- --- Increasing Collaboration with US a GOI Priority -------------- -------------- ¶18. (SBU) SciOff conversations with MNRE staff revealed they are keen to increase existing collaboration. In his second day on the job, the new Secretary of MNRE Mr. Deepak Gupta said that "everything under the sun" is on the table and they are very open to working with the US on all aspects of solar technology. The previous Secretary of NEW DELHI 00002278 007.2 OF 010 MNRE Mr. Subramanian agreed and added that joint projects should focus on technologies that the private sector can bring quickly to market. Neither specified which technologies they would focus on. ¶19. (SBU) Dr. Bhargava, MNRE Adviser on Solar PV, described MNRE?s fruitful past collaboration with the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) on a solar PV facility. SEC itself was set up with USAID funds and in collaboration with NREL. He mentioned that they were working with NREL when they discovered that certain thin film PV panels degraded faster in India than in the US because of harsh local atmospheric conditions. NREL and SEC are currently working together to characterize the potential for solar energy in India - NREL provides satellite data which SEC corroborates with ground data. In the future, Dr. Bhargava said that MNRE wants to continue working jointly with the US, as opposed to simply receiving grant money, and that it could be useful to work with NREL and others to set up and validate a 1 GW solar power generation facility. ¶20. (SBU) Regarding the specific technologies ripe for collaboration, Dr. Tripathi, MNRE Adviser for solar thermal, also said his Ministry would like to increase work with US agencies and institutes like NREL, Sandia and Berkeley labs. The areas of increased collaboration could include setting up standards for energy efficient buildings, learning more about energy auditing and green buildings, and having MNRE personnel trained in the US. Dr. Tripathi wanted to learn more about the tariff structures, methodology, and practices used in the case of grid integrated power systems in the US. He said that they would appreciate help in setting up GOI Centers of Excellence in solar thermal energy based technologies, amorphous silicon solar cells, concentrator solar cells, novel nanomaterials based inexpensive solar cell technology, and polymer/organic solar cells. ¶21. (SBU) Dr. Bandopadhyay, Director of the SEC, said that there is "no lack of funds" for solar R&D but things aren't happening because of a "lack of initiative" which more collaboration with the US could address. SEC would like someone to "hold its hands" on developing solar cooling, including solar absorption based air conditioning systems. SEC would also like to expand work on green building design by educating India's 30,000 plus registered architects, and it hopes to work closely with Lawrence Berkeley Labs in this regard. ¶22. (SBU) Dr. Vikram Kumar, Director NPL, said resources are increasingly available to improve facilities and salaries, but money alone can't solve the technical challenges of expanding solar use. NPL already has a good relationship with the US National Institute of Standards and Measurements (NIST). The Director said they hoped to grow their relationship with NIST further by setting up a wide range of standards for the various new nano materials and devices which could be useful for solar energy based applications. NPL staff scientist Dr. V. N. Ojha said he is particularly interested in working with NIST on quantum electrical metrology and nanometrology to support hi-tech solar cell development. NEW DELHI 00002278 008.2 OF 010 ¶23. (SBU) Dr. Bhogra of BHEL said they would be interested in collaborations on "anything" related to amorphous silicon to achieve efficiencies greater than 5.5 percent, crystalline silicon to achieve efficiencies of 18-20 percent, and technologies using thinner wafers, which are increasingly the industry standard. He mentioned that they were especially looking to thin film PV technology as they would like to learn and work with US partners to develop Building Integrated PV (BIPV) systems. Dr. Kaul from CEL mentioned that they would be interested in low cost, lower thermal budget crystalline silicon growth process from US as opposed to the current high cost and high energy consuming Siemens process for growth of crystalline silicon. Dr. Rajiv Arya of MBPV said that he would like to expand collaborations with the US to include US Labs like NREL for testing and calibration of their panels and for help in setting up similar facilities in India. He further added that they would also be open to research collaboration with ongoing programs like the Helios Project at Berkeley for futuristic solar technologies. ¶24. (SBU) As part of the US-India Joint Working Group on Energy, the Subgroup on New and Renewable Energy Technologies has also been discussing areas to collaborate in solar. They met earlier this year and brainstormed key areas of cooperation between the two countries, including solar cities, concentrated solar power, a workshop on zero energy buildings, testing and certification, grid integration in both solar and wind, and solar lighting opportunities. However, no immediate plans exist to realize solar-related collaboration in these areas. MNRE, along with CSIR, has also expressed keen interest to SciCouns to participate in the Helios project, an ambitious project initiated by Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (LBNL) and University of California Berkeley with public and private funding to develop new and sustainable methodologies to "store" solar energy in the form of renewable transportation fuel and low cost and higher efficiency solar panels. -------------- Logistical Hurdles -------------- ¶25. (SBU) Stakeholders shared some key non-technical hurdles to US-India collaboration. According to staff scientist Dr. Chakraborty working on surface sciences (characterization of nanomaterials for solar applications) from NPL, colleagues have had to postpone or cancel meetings in the US because of their inability to secure a visa, and he himself had been waiting for a visa to visit a collaborator in Penn State for over 8 weeks. Dr. Vikram Kumar, Director of NPL, echoed the visa concern, and also said it has been difficult to get researchers from the US to make extended visits to India for reasons such as difficult living conditions, insufficient US government support for bilateral programs, and relatively poor quality of research in Indian institutions. Finally, MNRE officials and Dr. Bhorga from BHEL both lamented that there has been numerous bilateral and multilateral discussions on cooperation in renewable energy including solar, with few tangible results. -------------- NEW DELHI 00002278 009.2 OF 010 Comments -------------- ¶26. (SBU) Overall the public funded solar energy research facilities that the SciOffs visited were relatively small- scale and not state of the art. Despite these shortcomings, they met many knowledgeable scientists and engineers positioned to perform world-class research. They heard several times that funding is no problem, and Indian scientists wanted to forge stronger US-India collaborations ? perhaps partly to accelerate their progress. ¶27. (SBU) Indian R&D and academic institutes are looking for advanced technology partners in all areas of solar energy, as they now have significant funding support for research and human resource capacity building. This offers opportunities for collaboration under ambitious programs like the Helios Project and India's desire to establish a hybrid 1 GW power generation facility. As the Indian market moves to higher capacity solar PV based power generation, it will also need better storage technologies and electronics for handling the power generated. ¶28. (SBU) Solar thermal technology may have the most unmet potential for US-Indo collaboration, including both the low temperature based residential and commercial applications and the high temperature based power generation and industrial applications. As the global leader in solar thermal, U.S. companies could be excellent partners to help develop simple and inexpensive technologies for water heating, cooking, food processing, air conditioning, refrigeration and other applications. ¶29. (U) In the case of solar PV, the Indian PV industry is growing at over 35 percent per annum, and companies are looking for opportunities for investment and R&D partners. Some companies have already invested in state of the art or rather first of a kind technologies like the large area TF PV technologies and concentrator solar cells production line and are looking for accelerated growth. The areas of technological opportunity include novel thin film solar cell technologies like organic /polymer solar cells, nanomaterials based solar cells, electrochemical solar cells, and setting up standards for materials, devices and panels. The enhanced focus on thin film technology can be further attributed to the shortage of silicon wafers and local sources and also to the possibility of building integrated PV, as more buildings and cities move to clean and green technologies. ¶30. (SBU) Given the accelerated plans for investment in solar PV in India, the market may well exceed government production targets. For example, the planned annual capacity by 2010-12 for just five of the over 20 PV companies in India, namely MBPV (1 GW),Tata BP (0.3 GW), Signet Solar (0.3 GW),Silicon Semiconductors (0.3 GW),and BHEL (0.1 GW) is 2.1 GW which is larger than the NSM target of 1 GW per annum by 2017. The solar industry growth story, with the PV segment being the initial driver or catalyst, could be similar to the Indian telecom sector which transformed itself in just 5 years into a major global player. However, solar energy may still be a relatively small fraction (less than 0.5 percent) of the total Indian energy pie at least for the next 5 years. NEW DELHI 00002278 010.2 OF 010 Most industries which have invested in India are clearly not looking at GOI subsidies beyond SIPS and are driven by market dynamics; so the growth of solar industry seems to be assured. WHITE