2007 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT - KAZAKHSTAN

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 16 ASTANA 000133 SIPDIS SCA/CEN - O'MARA EB/IFD/OIA SENSITIVE SIPDIS E.O. 12958: N/A TAGS: ETRD EFIN ECON EINV PREL OPIC KTDB USTR SUBJECT: 2007 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT - KAZAKHSTAN REF: A. 07 State 158802 ASTANA 00000133 001.5 OF 016 //// ZFR //// ZFR //// ZFR ///// CANCEL ALL 16 SECTIONS IN ENTIRETY CORRECTED COPY WILL BE SENT UNDER NEW MRN //// ZFR //// ZFR //// ZFR ///// ASTANA 00000133 002.5 OF 016 //// ZFR //// ZFR /// ZFR /// CANCEL IN ENTIRETY WILL RETRANSMIT UNDER NEW MRN /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ASTANA 00000133 003.5 OF 016 /// ZFR /// ZFR //// ZFR /// CANCEL IN ENTIRITY WILL RETRANSMIT UNDER NEW MRN /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ZFR //// ASTANA 00000133 004.2 OF 016 /// ZFR /// ZFR /// CANCEL IN ENTIRITY WILL RETRANSMIT CORRECTED UNDER NEW MCN /// ZFR /// ZFR //// ASTANA 00000133 005.2 OF 016 /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ZFR /// CANCEL IN ENTIRITY WILL RETRANSMIT UNDER NEW MRN /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ASTANA 00000133 006.2 OF 016 /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ZFR /// CANCEL IN ENTIRITY WILL BE RETRANSMITTED UNDER NEW MRN /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ZFR /// ASTANA 00000133 007 OF 016 Kazakhstan permits the importation of goods from EEC partners and certain developing or less-developed countries either free of duty, or at a reduced rate. There are no special requirements for engaging in trade-related activities. In keeping with internationally accepted practices, registration as an entrepreneur, legal entity, or branch/representation office is required. Right to Private Ownership and Establishment -------------- Foreign and domestic private entities have the right to establish and own business enterprises and to engage in all forms of remunerative activity. Private entities can freely buy and sell interests in business enterprises. However, state-owned enterprises do sometimes enjoy better access to markets, credits, and licenses than private entities. Kazakhstan's constitution provides that land and other natural resources may be owned or leased by persons who are Kazakhstani citizens according to conditions established by law. The 2003 Land Code allows citizens of Kazakhstan to own agricultural land and urban land with commercial and non-commercial buildings and complexes, including dwellings and land used for servicing these buildings. Under the 2003 Land Code, only Kazakhstani citizens (natural and legalized) and Kazakhstani companies may own land. The Land Law does not allow private ownership for the following types of land: -- land used for national defense and national security purposes; -- specially protected natural territories, resorts, recreational land and territories of a historical and/or cultural significance; -- forests, water reservoirs (lakes, rivers, canals, etc.), glaciers, swamps, etc.; -- public areas (urban or rural settlements); -- main railways and public roads; Short-term land leases may last for up to five years. The maximum period for long-term land leases are 49 years. Foreigners may rent agricultural land for up to 10 years. Foreigners may also own agricultural land through either a Kazakhstani-registered joint venture or a full subsidiary. Protection of Property Rights -------------- Secured interests in property (fixed and non-fixed) are recognized under the Civil Code and the 2003 Land Code. Mortgage lending has grown dramatically in the past several years. A credit bureau system does exist, but is in very early stages of development. The National Bank has created a national mortgage agency, which issues bonds secured by mortgages purchased from banks. All property and lease rights for real estate must be registered with special government-owned Real Estate Centers, which exist in cities and rural district centers. In principle, Kazakhstan's Civil Code protects U.S. intellectual property. In addition, the U.S.-Kazakhstan Trade Agreement, which came into force in 1993, obliges Kazakhstan to protect intellectual property rights (IPR). In 2004, Kazakhstan ratified the 1997 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonographs Treaty, and amended the Copyright Law to affirmatively protect pre-existing works and sound recordings. In 2005, Kazakhstan amended its Criminal and Civil Codes to make IPR crimes easier to prosecute and to toughen penalties for violators. The 2005 amendments played a significant role in USTR's 2006 decision to remove Kazakhstan from the Special 301 Watch list. While Kazakhstan has demonstrated a commitment to improving its IPR regime, substantial weaknesses, particularly in the area of civil dispute resolution, still remain. Patents and trademarks: Patent protection is available for inventions, industrial designs and prototypes. Patents for inventions are available with respect to processes and products that are novel and have industrial applications. However, patent protection for certain types of products and processes -- such as layout designs and plant variety - is not yet available. The National Institute of Intellectual Property performs formal examination of patent applications. Patents for inventions are granted for a period of 20 years; patents for industrial designs are granted on a preliminary basis for five years. This period may be extended for an additional 10 years if the preliminary patent is converted to a patent. Prototypes are granted a five-year initial period of protection, with the possibility of an additional three-year extension. Unsuccessful applicants have the right to appeal decisions of the National Institute of Intellectual Property and the Committee for Intellectual Property Rights. Kazakhstan is a member of the Moscow-based Eurasian Patent Bureau and the Munich-based European Patent Bureau. Trademark violation is a crime. Enforcement has historically been questionable, but U.S. companies are generally confident that their trademarks are protected in Kazakhstan. Still, imported counterfeit goods can commonly be found at local markets. There are marked disparities in fees charged to domestic patent and trademark applicants, as compared to foreign applicants. Applications for trademark, service mark and appellations of origin protection should ASTANA 00000133 008 OF 016 be filed with the National Patent Office and approved by the Committee for Intellectual Property Rights. Trademarks and service marks are afforded protection for a period of 10 years from the date of filing. Copyrights: The Law on Copyrights and Related Rights was enacted in ¶1996. The law is largely in conformity with the requirements of the WTO TRIPS Agreement and the Berne Convention. In late 2006, the government stated its plans to provide customs officials with ex officio authority to seize counterfeit products at the border. However, appropriate legislation has not been passed. Complicating the issue is the government's concern that granting ex officio powers may exacerbate corruption at customs checkpoints. Amendments to the Administrative, Criminal and Civil Procedural Codes have been adopted to bolster IPR enforcement capabilities. IPR enforcement measures, while still somewhat sporadic, are increasingly robust. Prosecutions, under both the Criminal and Administrative Codes, have led to a steady legitimization of the domestic trade in copyrighted material. Progress in IPR protection through civil courts is less pronounced as the judicial system develops the expertise necessary to resolve the more complex civil disputes. Illegal software development and manufacture generally is not conducted in Kazakhstan; Russia and Ukraine are believed to be the major sources of bootleg software to the local market. Kazakhstan ratified the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1998 and the Geneva Phonograms Convention in 2000. Transparency of Regulatory System -------------- Transparency in the application of laws remains a major problem in Kazakhstan and an obstacle to expanded trade and investment. Foreign investors complain of changing standards and of corruption. While foreign participation is generally welcomed, some foreign investors point out that the government is not always even-handed and sometimes reneges on its commitments. Although the Investment Committee of the Ministry of Industry and Trade was established to facilitate foreign investment, it has had limited success in addressing the concerns of foreign investors. Opportunities for public comment on proposed laws and regulations are sporadic and generally limited. Often, contradictory norms hinder the functioning of the legal system. While Kazakhstan has recently defined more clearly which laws take precedence in the event of a contradiction, it has become clear that stability clauses granted investors under previous versions of the Foreign Investment Law or other legislation may not necessarily protect investors from changes in the legal and tax regulatory regime. The 2003 Investment Law holds that contracts signed subsequent to its enactment may be subject to amendments in domestic legislation and international treaty provisions that change "the procedure and conditions of the import, manufacture, and sale of goods subject to excise duties As an additional complication, oblast authorities may create additional bureaucratic encumbrances, especially in the licensing and issuance of permits.. Kazakhstan, by law, will provide compensation for violations of contracts that were properly entered into and guaranteed by the government. Where the government has merely "approved" or "confirmed" a foreign contract, Kazakhstan's responsibility is limited to performing administrative acts necessary to facilitate the subject investment activity (acts "concerning the issuance of a license, granting of a land plot, mining allotment, etc."). Kazakhstan's institutional governance is weak , further adding to the problems of transparency in commercial transactions. Senior government officials have a large say in minor and major transactions, and decisions are often made behind closed doors. A 1995 Licensing Law established the legal framework for licensing activities in Kazakhstan. It requires the relevant agency to issue a license within one month of a company's submitting all required documents. The law was further amended in 1998, 2005, and January ¶2007. The 2007 amendments simplified procedural requirements for issuing licenses, reduced the number of licensed activities from 426 to 100 and introduced a mechanism to help prevent the extension of this list by other legal acts. However, licensing remains a problematic area for business, particularly for small- and medium- sized enterprises. Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment -------------- -------------- Kazakhstan's efforts to create a sound financial system and a stable macroeconomic framework have been notable among former Soviet republics. Much progress has been made in creating and implementing an adequate legal framework. In comparison with other parts of the economy, reform of the financial system has been deeper and more effective. The financial system has started to mediate financial resource flows and direct them to the most promising parts of the economy. Official policy is clearly supportive of credit allocation on market terms and the further development of legal, regulatory and accounting systems that are consistent with international norms. ASTANA 00000133 009 OF 016 The National Bank has demonstrated a willingness to pursue monetary tightening in response to inflationary pressures. In 2006, it raised the refinancing rate twice as well as toughened reserve requirements for second-tier banks. Capital inflows and commodity exports have enabled the National Bank to accumulate foreign exchange reserves, and at the same time to lower interest rates and maintain inflation in the single-digit range. As of the middle of December 2007, the net gold and hard currency reserves of the National Bank stood at $18.1 billion; the total gold and hard currency reserves of Kazakhstan, including the National Bank reserves and reserves accumulated in the National Fund, reached $39 billion. The National Bank has pursued market-based policies that have contributed to financial sector development and to exchange rate stability. In 1999 the National Bank created a deposit insurance system in order to attract the nearly $1 billion in cash it estimated people were hoarding at home. Since then, private deposits have grown thirty nine-fold, from less than $300 million in November 1999, to $11.87 billion in November 2007. Most domestic borrowers receive credit from Kazakhstani banks. However, foreign investors find the margins taken by local banks and the collateral required for credit to be very onerous. It is usually cheaper and simpler for them to use retained earnings or borrow from their home country. The Kazakhstani Stock Exchange is struggling to gain momentum and, as such, not yet a realistic source of funds (see below). Since 1998, Kazakhstani banks have placed Eurobonds on international markets and obtained syndicated loans, the proceeds of which have been used to support domestic lending. Leading Kazakhstani banks have been able to obtain reasonably good ratings from international credit assessment agencies. The National Bank and the Financial Supervision Agency (FSA) supervise the banking system and have overseen a steady consolidation and strengthening of it. The global liquidity crunch, which hit in late summer 2007, presented a substantial challenge to the Kazakhstani banking system, which had come to rely heavily on external borrowing over the preceding five-year period. Kazakhstani banks had been directing much of the borrowed funds into the country's construction and real estate sectors, particularly in the form both of construction financing and for mortgages for new housing in Astana and Almaty. The sudden global liquidity dry-up abruptly left some leading Kazakhstani banks unable to continue their aggressive external borrowing, forcing them to curtail their domestic lending activity. While policymakers widely saw this development as a healthy correction in view of the preceding liquidity glut, the National Bank of Kazakhstan and the government introduced measures in late 2007 to provide liquidity to the banking system and inject capital in the cooling construction sector. Since 1999, a market for debt securities has been rapidly developing in Kazakhstan. Several dozen bank and non-bank corporations - large and small - have issued bills, notes and bonds with maturities ranging from three months to seven years. Earlier issues have matured and been redeemed; so far, there have been no defaults. Rates for borrowers have declined on average from approximately 16% in September 1999 to approximately 9% in 2006. Maturities have increased from 1.5 years to up to 10 years during the same period. Kazakhstan's pension system reform has boosted the bond market by creating a pool of capital. The market for fixed-income securities has grown from $74,000 in September 1999 to over $14.7 billion in October 2007. In 2007, the yield rate on middle-term government notes was 6.35%. Longer-term government notes (with maturities up to 10 years) were offered at 7.0%. The Kazakhstani Stock Exchange (KSE) has been in operation since ¶1997. As of December 2007, there were 69 listed companies with 31 "A-listed" stock issues; 38 companies with "B-listed" stock issues; and 5 non-listed issuers. There are also 62 "A-listed" and 26 "B-listed" corporate bond issues. Inadequate financial records prevent many other companies from being put on the exchange. Moreover, company managers fear diluting control of their enterprises by selling more shares. As of October 1, 2007, total capitalization of the KSE was $71.95 billion, or 70.7% of GDP Though there has been a slight decline of capitalization over the second half of 2007, a continued annual growth in both the absolute value of total capitalization and capitalization relative to GDP has occurred for the last three years. Trading on the KSE is overwhelmingly dominated by block trades, liquidity is low, and the spreads are extremely wide. In 2006, several large Kazakhstani companies issued initial public offerings on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). In compliance with a 2006 law requiring any foreign IPO by a Kazakhstani company to be accompanied by a domestic issuance, these companies also offered shares on the KSE. However, despite these offerings and the Kazakhstani pension funds' (see below) tentative moves to invest in KSE-traded shares, the exchange remains in a very early stage of development. Due largely to Kazakhstani companies' recalcitrance to dilute ownership and provide extensive disclosure, the Kazakhstani debt market is substantially more developed. The plans for the "Almaty Financial Center" (see below) aim to spearhead the development of Kazakhstan's ASTANA 00000133 010 OF 016 financial markets. In 2007, the Almaty Financial Center officially announced that it would merge its efforts to create an effective equity market with the KSE, thereby signaling that there will be only one stock exchange in Kazakhstan in the foreseeable future.) The Financial Supervision Agency (FSA),Kazakhstan's main financial regulator, has broad authority over the banking and insurance sectors, as well as the stock market. The FSA is financed from the National Bank's budget and subordinated to the President of Kazakhstan. In 1998, the government introduced an accumulation pension system that requires all employed persons to contribute 10% of their salary to accumulation pension funds. As of November 2006, the 14 funds (13 private and one state-owned) operating in Kazakhstan held approximately $9.6 billion in assets. Asset management companies invest the contributions on behalf of the pension funds. While the government provides specific restrictions on how the pension funds may invest, these restrictions were relaxed in 2006, allowing some involvement in Kazakhstani equities. Still, the pension assets must be invested primarily in specific categories of instruments, such as government bonds and A-listed securities. The largest concentration of investments is in dollar-denominated Kazakhstani Eurobonds. Custodian banks hold pension assets. The government plans to sell some shares of state enterprises on the national stock market, partly to provide a more profitable alternative vehicle for the investment of pension fund assets. There appear to be no "cross-shareholding" or "stable shareholder" arrangements used to restrict foreign investment in private firms through mergers and acquisitions. Joint stock companies may not cross-hold more than 25% of each other's stock unless they have an exemption codified by law and may not exercise more than 25% of the votes in a cross-held joint stock company. Kazakhstani law recognizes companies as "related" if one company or legal entity holds more than 20% of the shares of another. However, the owning company may not vote more than 25% of the total shares at the general meeting of shareholders of the related company. The general meeting must approve various corporate actions, such as mergers and acquisitions. This rule applies to all persons, domestic or foreign. There have been very few hostile takeovers in Kazakhstan, primarily because there are few publicly traded firms. Defensive measures are not targeted toward foreign investors in particular. Current legislation provides a legal framework for takeovers. The Civil Code requires a company that has purchased a 20% share in another company to publish information about the purchase. The mutual investment fund industry remains small but is growing rapidly. As of October, 1 2007, total assets of the mutual investment funds amounted to $1.16 billion, representing a 302% increase when compared to October 2006 figures. Despite a reduction from 37.1% in October 2006 to 15.77% in October 2007, Kazakhstani corporate securities remain a significant share of the consolidated mutual fund investment portfolio. The 1998 Law on Joint Stock Companies provides the basis for the regulation of open and closed-type joint stock companies. It also contains clauses to protect investors in often-abused circumstances, such as: -- issuance of additional shares; -- maintenance of charter capital and restrictions on payments of dividends; -- re-purchase by a company of its own shares; -- debt-to-equity conversions; -- fiduciary duties imposed on company officers; -- proxy votes; -- independent audit; and -- the determination of asset values during the sale of company property. The Law on Joint Stock Companies also regulates tender offers for stock of open joint stock companies by requiring the purchaser to notify the Financial Supervision Agency and the target company of their intention to purchase 30% or more of the target company and, after such purchase, to make an offer to all remaining shareholders to purchase their shares at the average price during the last six months before the purchase. There are no laws or regulations specifically authorizing firms to adopt articles of incorporation or associations that limit or prohibit foreign investments. The Law on Joint Stock Companies, however, allows charter limits on the number of shares or votes that one shareholder may have. In March 2007, the Government accepted amendments to legislation regarding the protection of minority stockholders' interests. The enactment of this law was prompted by numerous violations of minority stockholders' interests. In addition, this step was driven by the Government's intention to promote the development of stock exchange. Standards, including sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards, are promulgated solely by the Committee for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Gosstandard). Proposals for adoption, amendment, or abolishment of state standards are normally prepared by technical committees constituted by Gosstandard, and may include producers, ASTANA 00000133 011 OF 016 scientific and engineering associations, and technical experts. Foreign participation in the standardization process is regulated by international multilateral and bilateral agreements. Political Violence -------------- There have been no incidents of politically-motivated violence against foreign investment projects. Kazakhstan has been stable since independence. Politically-motivated civil disturbances remain exceptionally rare. Kazakhstan has good relations with its neighbors. The government continues to express concern over the security of its borders with Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, which it views as vulnerable to penetration by extremist groups. Kazakhstan's 2007 parliamentary elections took place without significant violence or unrest. President Nazarbayev's Nur Otan party won every seat in the lower house of parliament with an overwhelming majority of the votes. In its assessment, the OSCE noted that the election did not meet a number of OSCE commitments and international standards for democratic elections. Although opposition groups denounced the election as fraudulent, there were no significant demonstrations against the announced results. The next parliamentary election is scheduled to take place in 2012. The February 2006 murders of a prominent opposition politician and his two associates were perceived by opposition parties as politically motivated. The former chief of staff of the Senate was convicted in August 2006 of having ordered the murders; prosecutors charged that he was motivated by personal animosity. Corruption -------------- Although the Kazakhstani Criminal Code contains special penalties for accepting and giving bribes, corruption is prevalent throughout Kazakhstan. The Ministry of Interior, the Financial Police, the Disciplinary State Service Commission, and the Committee for National Security (KNB) are responsible for combating corruption. The government has taken some measures to address corruption and increased its attention to the problem through educational and public awareness efforts. President Nazarbayev publicly deplored corruption and encouraged media to report about it. Some lower and middle-ranking officials and minor political figures have been penalized on corruption charges. Transparency International has a national chapter in Kazakhstan. The government has signed on to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). U.S. firms have cited corruption as a significant obstacle to investment. Law enforcement agencies have on occasion t pressured foreign investors perceived to be uncooperative with the government. The government and local business entities are widely aware of the legal restrictions placed on U.S. business abroad (i.e., the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act). In 2003 in the United States two American citizens were charged with violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in a case that received significant international media attention. The two allegedly channeled tens of millions of dollars in bribes to two senior Kazakhstani officials during the 1990's in order to facilitate oil deals for American companies. One is currently serving a jail term. The trial of the second defendant, James Giffen, began in 2007 in Southern New York Federal District court. Bilateral Investment Agreements -------------- The United States-Kazakhstan Bilateral Investment Treaty came into force in 1994. In 1992, the United States and Kazakhstan signed an Investment Incentive Agreement. In 1996, the Treaty on the Avoidance of Double Taxation between the United States and Kazakhstan came into force. However, an ongoing dispute with a U.S. investor raises concerns with the government's tax treaty compliance. Since independence, Kazakhstan has ratified treaties on the avoidance of double taxation with 41 countries. Kazakhstan has bilateral investment agreements in force with forty countries, including the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria, Russia, Korea, Iran, China, and Turkey. OPIC and Other Investment Insurance Programs -------------- The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC),an independent U.S. Government agency that provides project financing, political risk insurance, and a variety of investor services, has been active in Kazakhstan since 1994. OPIC is seeking commercially viable projects in the Kazakhstani private sector. OPIC offers a full range of investment insurance and debt/equity stakes. Kazakhstan is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Labor -------------- The 1999 Labor Law and the Constitution guarantee basic workers' rights, including the right to organize and the right to strike. ASTANA 00000133 012 OF 016 Teachers, miners and workers at a variety of enterprises have conducted occasional strikes for generally short periods during the past several years. In September 2006 the death of 41 miners in an explosion at Mittal Steel Termirtau's "Lenin" coal mine triggered an unprecedented wave of strikes. Mittal's striking coal miners were joined by steel workers which shut down operations at each of the eight coal mines owned by the company for a week. The strike ended after Mittal agreed to substantial raises. Subsequently, two U.S. companies operating coal mines in Kazakhstan raised wages 25-30% in order to avert threatened strikes. The 1996 Law on Labor Disputes and Strikes lays out the procedure for resolving disputes. However, the law also restricts strikes by requiring, inter alia, that a peaceful attempt at a solution first be made, that two-thirds of the labor collective must approve the strike, and that the employer must be warned 15 days in advance in writing. In addition, strikes for political purposes are forbidden. A separate 1992 Law on Collective Bargaining Agreements sets out the basic framework for concluding such agreements. There are instances of unions successfully negotiating collective bargaining agreements with management. In May 2007, Kazakhstan passed a new Labor Code, encompassing all the preceding legislation under a single umbrella. Key provisions of all the previous labor laws were retained. The Labor Code extended minimum mandatory vacation time from 18 to 24 days, provided an outline of labor unions' and labor representatives' rights, and toughened rules governing the dissolution of labor contracts. The 1993 Law on Professional Labor Unions provides a legal guarantee against limitations of labor. It also grants socio-economic, political and personal rights and freedoms as a result of membership in a union and prohibits the denial of employment, the denial of promotion or termination of employment on the basis of such membership. Kazakhstan also joined the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 1993. As of January 2007, Kazakhstan has ratified 16 ILO conventions, including those pertaining to minimum employment age, forced labor, discrimination in employment, equal remuneration, and collective bargaining. Kazakhstan's economy has grown steadily in the last five years. Preliminary 2007 GDP growth is estimated at 8.7%. (The highest year-on-year rate was 13.5% in 2001.) Although incomes and consumer spending have risen across the board, in the 3rd quarter 2007 the minimum subsistence wage is still only $83.. per month; with 13.8% of the population receiving income below that level. Starting on January 1, 2008, the minimum pension will be $65.45 per month. By government estimates, in the 3rd quarter of 2007 unemployment was 7%. Kazakhstan has an educated and technically competent workforce. However, the demand for specialized skilled labor created by the simultaneous development of several major oil fields in western Kazakhstan has exceeded locally available supply. Foreign investors increasingly cite a lack of skilled workers and technical professionals. Management expertise and marketing skills are also in short supply. Many large investors rely on foreign workers, particularly from Turkey, to fill the vacuum. In turn, the GOK has made it a priority to ensure that Kazakhstani citizens are well-represented on foreign enterprise workforces, and is particularly keen to see Kazakhstanis hired into the managerial and executive ranks of those enterprises. In late 2006, the government discussed measures limiting the inflow of foreign workers, particularly unskilled, and pressuring large foreign investors to hire and train Kazakhstanis. Since 2001, the quota system has required employers to search for local workers prior to the issuance of work permits for foreigners (see section A.1.). U.S. companies are strongly advised to contact locally-based law and accounting firms, as well as the U.S. Commercial Service in Almaty, for the latest information on work permits. Employers' reliance on foreign labor in the face of persistent poverty in rural Kazakhstan became a political issue in 2006 and ¶2007. The debate revolved around the underlying causes of some violent incidents between Kazakhstani and foreign workers. The tension was epitomized by a major October 2006 brawl that involved over 400 workers. Policymakers often point to disparities in wages and working conditions between Kazakhstani and foreign workers. Employers retort that the domestic lack of skilled labor frequently necessitates management of Kazakhstani laborers by foreigners. Foreign - Trade Zones/Free Ports -------------- A system of tax preferences exists for enterprises engaging in prescribed economic activities in the so-called "special economic zones." As of December 2007, four such zones had been established: the "New Administrative Center" in Astana, the Seaport of Aktau, the Alatau Information Technology Park (near Almaty),and the Ontustik Cotton Center in south Kazakhstan.). In addition, a separate preferential tax system exists for enterprises manufacturing high value-added goods, regardless of location. In the second half of 2006, the government took steps toward ASTANA 00000133 013 OF 016 establishing the Almaty Financial Center, a legal and institutional framework aimed at making Almaty the financial capital of Central Asia. The plans, which are still in very early stages of implementation, include tax privileges for major participants in the financial marketplace: investors, broker-dealers, and issuing corporations. The legal framework for the Almaty Financial Center includes a specialized court with jurisdiction over civil disputes between the Financial Center's participants Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Statistics -------------- Annual Gross Foreign Direct Investment Flows by Country of Origin (Millions of Dollars; nominal) 1993-20052006 2007(1st half) Total USA 11,841.2 1,694.7 802.2 14,338.1 UK 4,378.7 852.5 255.2 5,486.4 South Korea 1,880.9 248.6 116.6 2,246.1 Italy 2,468.3 376.1 212.6 3,057 Canada 1,481.2 437.1 273 2,191.3 Switzerland 2,021.5 234.6 367.9 2,624 Netherlands 4,940.1 2,877.3 1,170.6 8,988 China 1,680.5 359.5 171.6 2,211.6 Turkey 906.9 92.9 141.9 1,141.7 Russia 1211.1 490.9 219.0 1,921 Japan 1005.1 342.6 169.7 1,517.4 Others 6,970 2,559.9 3,033.6 12,563.5 TOTAL 40785.5 10,566.7 6,933.9 58,286.1 Source: National Bank of Kazakhstan Annual Gross Foreign Direct Investment Flows by Sector (Millions of dollars; nominal) 1993-2005 2006 2007 (1st half) Total AGRICULTURE, 15.7 37.3 1.3 54.3 HUNTING AND FORESTRY MINING AND 22,286.2 2,323.1 2,126.4 26,735.7 QUARRYING mining of coal 39.8 0.0 0.0 39.8 and lignite, extraction of peat extraction of 20,406.3 2,003.4 1886.3 24,296 crude petroleum and natural gas mining of 146.5 162.4 83.7 392.6 uranium and thorium ores mining of 884.6 149.1 156.2 1,189.9 metal ores other mining and quarrying 50.9 8.3 0.1 55.5 114.8 MANUFACTURING 5,066.4 644.4 326.1 6,036.9 including but not limited manufacture of food products, 644.7 51.9 19.8 716.4 beverage and tobacco products manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products 508.2 -15.8 -192.8 299.6 and nuclear fuel manufacture of 139.8 17.9 7.9 165.6 chemicals and chemical products manufacture of 32.9 7.9 12.3 53.1 rubber and plastics products manufacture of 85.9 26.2 13 125.1 ASTANA 00000133 014 OF 016 other non-metallic mineral products manufacture 3,068.7 423.9 385.8 3,878.4 of basic metals: manufactures 405.7 1.4 1.6 408.7 of ferrous metals manufacture of 2,649.3 419 381 3,449.3 basic precious and non-ferrous metals manufacture of 13.9 3.4 3.3 20.6 fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment manufacture 21.4 4.2 0.1 25.7 of machinery and equipment manufacture 431.1 39.7 20.4 491.2 of electric and computing machinery manufacture of 11.8 72.4 53.9 138.1 transport equipment manufacture, 5.0 0.7 1.6 7.3 n.e.c ELECTRICITY, 699.2 26.6 5.3 731.1 GAS AND WATER SUPPLY CONSTRUCTION 416.1 378.4 243.8 1,038.3 WHOLESALE AND 1,122.8 760.9 618.7 2,502.4 RETAIL TRADE, REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES, MOTORCYCLES AND PERSONAL AND HOUSEHOLD GOODS HOTELS AND 115.3 10.2 43.5 169 RESTAURANTS TRANSPORT690.6 301.3 48.5 1,040.4 STORAGE AND COMMUNICATION land transport 378.8 23.6 20.6 423 including transport via pipelines 360.3 19.4 20.6 400.3 water -12.2 4.1 0.6 -7.5 transport air transport 24.9 3.2 1.1 29.2 supporting 152.3 187.4 29.5 369.2 transport activities post and 146.8 83 -3.2 226.6 telecommunication including 145 81.1 -4.0 222.1 telecommunication FINANCIAL 494.2 375 201.6 1070.8 ACTIVITY REAL ESTATE, 9,223.3 5,610.1 3,271 18104.4 RENTING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES Including ASTANA 00000133 015 OF 016 but not limited real estate activities 105.1 29.1 30.6 164.8 legal, accounting, book- keeping and auditing 143.2 -22.5 49.6 170.3 activities, tax consultancy, market research, business and management consultancy geological 8,739.5 5,487.5 3,167.6 17,394.6 exploration and prospecting activities EDUCATION, 295.3 99.5 47.5 442.3 HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES, 360.8 0.0 0.0 360.8 N.E.C. TOTAL 40, 785.5 10,566.7 6,933.9 58 286.1 Source: National Bank of Kazakhstan FDI as a Percentage of GDP 2005 2006 2007(1st half) 11.58% 13.05% 15.5% Source: National Bank of Kazakhstan Kazakhstani Direct Investment Outflows Millions of US dollars, nominal Country of Destination 2004-2005 2006 2007(1st half) Total Austria 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.8 Azerbaijan 0.0 3.2 3.4 6.6 Armenia 2.8 0.7 0.0 3.5 Afghanistan 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 Byelorussia 3.4 1.5 0.1 5.1 Bulgaria 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 Dominican Republic 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 France 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 Great Britain 15.5 -3.7 82.1 93.9 Virgin Islands 43.225.4 78.9 147.5 Germany 217.3 0.2 10.4 227.9 Georgia 1.9 66.0 9.2 77.1 Hong Kong 0.0 0.0 60.0 60.0 Israel 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 India 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 Iran 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Italy 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Canada 5.8 37.3 0.0 43.1 Cayman Islands 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Cyprus 0.0 0.8 88.8 89.6 China 6.0 7.1 34.5 47.6 Kyrgyzstan 57.4 102.8 55.4 215.6 Latvia 1.9 0.0 0.3 2.2 Lithuania 0.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 Luxemburg 0.0 9.5 1.7 11.2 Malaysia 0.0 0.8 0.7 1.5 Marshall Islands 0.0 0.0 96.0 96.0 Isle of Man 6.6 0.0 0.0 6.6 Mongolia 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Netherlands 17.5 639.4 17.6 674.5 Nigeria 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Arab Emirates 0.0 1.4 37.7 39.1 Russian Federation 127.2 183.3 198.1 508.6 Seychelles 28.3 0.0 0.0 28.3 Singapore 0.0 2.4 61.7 64.1 South Korea 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.1 Spain 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 USA 8.1 3.2 0.4 11.7 Tajikistan 0.1 12.3 10.7 23.1 Thailand 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 Turkey 41.2 3.9 318.3 363.4 Uzbekistan 8.0 86.0 14.3 108.3 Ukraine 10.1 2.0 8.7 20.8 Check Republic -4.00.2 2.0 -1.8 Switzerland 127.1 77.1 157.5 361.7 Estonia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Countries 6.5 4.0 0.7 11.2 TOTAL 732.6 1,273.0 1,356 3,361.6 Source: National Bank of Kazakhstan ASTANA 00000133 016 OF 016 Investments as of 2007 -------------- The oil and gas sector accounts for approximately 71.5% of the $58.3 billion that has been invested in Kazakhstan, with U.S. firms consistently ranking as the largest foreign investors. U.S. firms with noteworthy investment in Kazakhstan's petroleum sector include: Chevron, ExxonMobil, and ConocoPhillips. Other major foreign investors in this sector include: LucArco, Agip, Shell, Inpex, Eni, Total, British Gas, Lukoil, Mitsubishi and the Chinese National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). Other major US investments include: AES (over $200 million in power generation),Access Industries (coal mining),Philip Morris (over $320 million in tobacco processing),and General Electric Transportation (locomotive modernization facility). Non-petroleum foreign investors include Mittal and BAE Systems. ORDWAY