SUMMARY OF RESPONSES TO CABLE ON INDOOR AIR

UNCLAS STATE 144739 SIPDIS SIPDIS E.O. 12958: N/A TAGS: BC BN ET GH IV NI SENV TBIO UG UV ZA SUBJECT: SUMMARY OF RESPONSES TO CABLE ON INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND FOLLOW-ON ACTIONS REF: 2006 STATE 192623 ¶1. This is an action request. See Paragraph 3. SUMMARY ¶2. SUMMARY: Reftel asked posts in countries where greater than 20 percent of the population uses biomass and coal to meet basic energy needs to assess host countries, commitment to addressing the health concerns posed by indoor air pollution (IAP) and to identify opportunities for strengthening U.S. diplomatic outreach on the issue. This cable provides a synopsis of the responses, identifies priority countries for outreach, and asks posts to encourage these countries to join the Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA),one of the public-private partnerships launched by the United States at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and registered with the UN Commission for Sustainable Development. END SUMMARY. ¶3. ACTION REQUEST: Department asks Posts to share information about PCIA with relevant host government ministries and agencies (e.g. health, environment, energy, women and children, economic development) and to encourage them to join the Partnership. Posts may use the general comments in Paragraphs 12-16 and also country-specific comments in Paragraph 17 in developing talking points for their respective host governments. Department would appreciate Post's consideration of hosting roundtable meetings for relevant civil society organizations and government ministries to encourage awareness about IAP, to introduce them to PCIA, and to encourage membership in it. Organizations can register to become a partner on the PCIA website. Department appreciates Posts, assistance and support for U.S. efforts to mitigate indoor air pollution and improve global health. Please contact OES/IHB,s Lindsey Hillesheim (HillesheimLN@state.gov or 202-647-6922) or Dano Wilusz (WiluszDC@state.gov or 202-647-6817) with Mission's response and for any necessary additional background information. Department requests a response by November 30, 2007. TABLE OF CONTENTS ¶4. Summary (Paragraph 2) Point of Contact (Paragraph 3) Synopsis of Responses from 21 Countries (Paragraphs 5-9) Encouraging Government PCIA Membership (Paragraphs 10-11) General Background on IAP (Paragraph 12-15) General Background on PCIA (Paragraph 16) Country Specific Comments (Paragraph 17) Further Resources (Paragraph 18) SYNOPSIS OF RESPONSES TO REFTEL ¶5. Reftel asked posts in countries where greater than 20 percent of the population uses biomass and coal to meet basic energy needs to assess host countries, commitment to addressing the health concerns posed by indoor air pollution (IAP) and to identify opportunities for strengthening U.S. diplomatic outreach on the issue. As of June 2007 Department had received responses from posts in 21 countries. These 21 countries represent approximately 50% of the estimated 3 billion people who burn solid fuel for cooking and heating. While the content and depth of individual responses varied significantly, we were able to make conclusions in four areas: host government commitment; ministry responsibility; public and non-governmental activities related to IAP; and host government interest in the Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA),one of the public-private partnerships launched by the United States at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and registered with the UN Commission for Sustainable Development. Since 2003, PCIA partner organizations have succeeded in influencing 1.31 million households to adopt clean and efficient cooking and/or heating practices; resulting in 11 million with reduced exposure to harmful indoor air pollution. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) coordinates PCIA and leads USG efforts within it. ¶6. GOVERNMENT COMMITMENT: Host government commitment to reducing indoor air pollution and the negative health effects associated with it varied considerably. Approximately half of the response cables could not identify any government action plan, besides further study, to address indoor air pollution. Approximately one-quarter of the cables noted that host government officials in relevant ministries did not think IAP was a major problem in their country. ¶7. MINISTRY RESPONSIBILITY: Government ministries responsible for indoor air pollution varied significantly from country to country. About three-quarters of responding posts reported that they were referred to the Ministry of Environment and one-quarter to the Ministry of Health. Approximately three-quarters reported that they were referred to multiple agencies. It seems likely that ambiguous ministerial responsibility contributes to government inaction on indoor air pollution in some cases. ¶8. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION INTERVENTIONS: Posts highlighted many important public and private country-level efforts aimed at reducing indoor air pollution from solid fuel use. Approximately half of the responses indicated that private or government projects to distribute improved cooking stoves had taken place in the host country. Approximately half also indicated that host countries have had private or government projects to encourage cleaner alternative fuels. However, it is important to note that the vast majority of intervention projects were carried out by private organizations and not by the host governments. Almost no responses reported private or government projects to educate people about the significant and negative health impacts due to IAP. ¶9. PCIA INTEREST: Six of twenty-one host governments were members previously or have joined the Partnership. Another one-quarter said that host governments were interested in learning more. ENCOURAGING GOVERNMENTS TO JOIN PCIA ¶10. One quarter of respondents indicated that host governments are interested in learning more about PCIA. Increased government participation in PCIA has the potential to raise awareness about environmental health issues and to increase international action dedicated to reducing the health effects of indoor air pollution related to solid fuel use. The USG provides a substantial portion of the funding and human resources required to maintain the PCIA, and the Partnership's capacity to address the negative health and environmental consequences of solid fuel use for household energy will grow with its membership base. In addition to receiving notices for grants and Requests for Proposals (RFPs),PCIA members also receive information about free in-depth technical training in community outreach and education, stove development and performance, market development, and exposure monitoring. Another benefit of PCIA membership is direct exchange, both regionally and globally, between users/cooks, researchers, entrepreneurs, project implementers, programs directors, and policy makers. ¶11. The Department and PCIA coordinators from EPA's Office of Air and Radiation have used the responses to identify relevant government ministries to be encouraged to join PCIA, as well as those governments that are already PCIA members who we would like to deepen their involvement in the partnership. Criteria for selecting these governments include: (1) high burden of disease from indoor air pollution, (2) capacity to join and benefit from membership, (3) willingness to partner with the PCIA, and (4) involvement of international donors in national indoor air pollution programs within that country. GENERAL BACKGROUND ON INDOOR AIR POLLUTION ¶12. HEALTH EFFECTS: Indoor air pollution is caused by cooking and heating with wood, dung, coal and other solid fuels on open fires or simple stoves. IAP is a daily reality for more than half of the world's population and kills over 1.6 million people each year, making IAP the second biggest environmental contributor to ill health behind unsafe water and sanitation. The majority of those deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, where 396,000 and 483,000 people are estimated to die from exposure to IAP each year, respectively. Worldwide, 1.2 million of the 1.6 million annual deaths due to IAP occur in just eleven countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan and the United Republic of Tanzania. The smoke produced by solid fuel combustion in fires or stoves contains health-damaging pollutants including carbon monoxide, human carcinogens, and fine particles that penetrate deep into the lungs. These pollutants cause inflammation of the airways and lungs, impair the immune system, and reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The result is a significantly increased susceptibility to pneumonia in children and chronic respiratory disease among adults. Globally, pneumonia and other respiratory infections are the single greatest cause of death in children under five. Women exposed to indoor smoke are three times as likely to suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than women who cook and heat with electricity, gas or other cleaner fuels. Because of gender norms in many societies women are in charge of cooking and, depending on the local cuisine, spend between three and seven hours per day near the stove. Young children are often carried on their mother's backs or kept close to the hearth. Thus indoor air pollution disproportionately affects women and children, and in 2002, is estimated to have resulted in 500,000 deaths among women and 800,000 deaths among children under five years of age. ¶13. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Demand for the fuel that produces IAP causes severe land degradation and desertification in many of the world's poorest countries. For example, according to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have lost three quarters or more of their forest covers to deforestation. Such resource depletion threatens food security, which, in turn, can upset national and regional political stability. ¶14. GENDER INEQUALITY: In many countries women's domestic responsibilities make them disproportionately exposed to IAP. Many women must spend several hours per day collecting fuel for cooking and heating; a recent study found that women in Nigeria and Ethiopia spend on average more than two hours per day collecting fuel. Alleviating this time burden would free women's time for childcare, education, and income-generating activities. Women also bear the brunt of IAP-induced disease. For example WHO reports that each year IAP kills fewer than 200,000 men but over 500,000 women. The fight against gender inequality is one key element of the 2002 Millennium Declaration signed by the USG and 188 other nations. ¶15. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS: A recent WHO report, "Fuel for Life", estimates that making improved stoves available to half of those still burning biomass fuels and coal on traditional stoves would save USD 34 billion in fuel expenditure every year, and generate an economic return of USD 105 billion every year over a 10 year period. The report also suggests that halving the number of people worldwide cooking with solid fuels by 2015 would cost a total of USD 13 billion per year but would provide an economic benefit of USD 91 billion per year. The majority of these costs are borne at the household level since donor investments are used to design appropriate technologies, set up local businesses, and put micro-credit systems in place. However, the majority of the benefits also occur at the household level. Addressing household energy needs through the introduction of improved cook stoves not only reduces rates of illness and death but also means that household members spend less time recuperating from illness, caring for sick family members, collecting fuel, and cooking. With more time available, children may be in a better position to take advantage of educational opportunities, while their mothers could engage in childcare, agriculture or other income-generating activities as a way to break the cycle of poverty. GENERAL BACKGROUND ON PCIA ¶16. The Partnership for Clean Indoor Air, an Administration initiative launched at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in September 2002, addresses the environmental health risk faced by three billion people who burn traditional biomass fuels indoors for cooking and heating. This voluntary Partnership brings together governments, public and private organizations, multilateral institutions, industry, and others to increase the use of affordable, reliable, clean, efficient, and safe home cooking and heating practices. The mission of the Partnership for Clean Indoor Air is to improve health, livelihood and quality of life by reducing exposure to air pollution, primarily among women and children, from household energy use. More information on PCIA can be found at: http://www.pciaonline.org COUNTRY SPECIFIC COMMENTS ¶17. The following country-specific information responds to points raised in the individual country response cables or provides country-specific information that could be useful in raising awareness with host governments on the health, environmental, economic and gender-based consequences of IAP and recruiting host governments to join PCIA. One upcoming opportunity is the PCIA Africa Regional Workshop &Measuring Change: Indoor Air Pollution and Household Energy Monitoring8 to be held in Pretoria, South Africa October 29 ) November 2, 2007. Participants will learn about commonly used approaches and techniques for monitoring the impact of household energy interventions, and develop a monitoring plan for their program. ** COUNTRIES NOT CURRENTLY PCIA MEMBERS ** ¶A. Benin (COTONOU 186): WHO estimates that Benin's national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 6.8%, and accounts for 6000 deaths per year among children under five years of age. GOB has expressed interest in IAP and the partnership, but is not currently a member of PCIA. ¶B. Botswana (GABORONE 133): It appears that at least two GOB ministries are directly or indirectly working on IAP. These ministries could benefit from PCIA membership (both can join). The Energy Affairs Department in the Ministry of Minerals, Water and Energy Resources (MEWR) indicated that commonly-practiced outdoor cooking negated the health effects of IAP. However studies have shown that women and their children standing close to an outdoor cooking fire are exposed to dangerously high levels of fine particles, carbon monoxide and human carcinogens. Furthermore outdoor fires are often inefficient, and the collection of fuel wood contributes to increased deforestation. WHO estimates that Botswana's national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 0.40%, and accounts for 100 deaths per year among children under five years of age and 200 deaths total. 65% of Botswana's population uses solid fuels. ¶C. Burkina Faso: In 2006, EPA sponsored a regional stove design and performance workshop to train more than 20 stove makers (project managers, tin smiths, metal workers, stove builders, ceramists) from Burkina Faso, Senegal, Mali and Benin on the design and construction of household and institutional clean burning and fuel-efficient &rocket8 stoves. The workshop was co-sponsored by PREDAS/CILSS the Promotion of Household and Alternative Energies in the Sahel and the Permanent Inter State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel. WHO estimates that Burkina Faso,s national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 8.5%, and accounts for 21000 deaths per year in children under five years of age. Greater than 95% of Burkina Faso,s population uses solid fuels. Women in Burkina Faso spend an average of 2.5 hours per day collecting fuel, putting them at increased risk of gender-based violence. ¶D. Cote d,Ivoire (ABIDJAN 99): GOC has indicated an interest in PCIA. The Center for Anti-Pollution in Cote d'Ivoire (CIAPOL) seems to be focused on testing outdoor air pollution rather than indoor air pollution mitigation projects; thus it may be worth reaching out to officials in health, rural energy, and deforestation as well. WHO estimates that Cote d,Ivoire,s national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 3.4%, and accounts for 8000 deaths per year in children under five years of age. 74% of Cote d,Ivoire,s population uses solid fuels. ¶E. Nigeria (LAGOS 239): WHO estimates that Nigeria's national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 3.8%, and accounts for 70,000 deaths per year among children under five years of age and 79,000 deaths per year total. Nigeria is among the group of eleven nations that account for the vast majority of world-wide deaths caused by IAP. Greater than 95% of Nigerians use solid fuels for cooking and heating. Delta State is a member of PCIA and the partnership would welcome other Nigerian states but is particularly interested in GON involvement at the federal level. ¶F. Uganda (KAMPALA 172): WHO estimates that Uganda's national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 4.9%, and accounts for 18,000 deaths per year among children under five years of age. In addition, Ugandan women spend an average of 2 hours per day collecting fuel, putting them at increased risk of gender-based violence. The time spent gathering fuel wood could be used for more productive activities such as childcare, education and income-generation. GOU is not a PCIA member. Greater than 95% of Ugandans use solid fuels. EPA has funded a highly successful pilot project in Kampala with the Urban Community Development Association, which has resulted in more than 8,000 homes adopting clean and fuel-efficient stoves. ¶G. Zambia (LUSAKA 87): WHO estimates that Zambia's national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 3.8%, and accounts for 8000 deaths per year among children under five years of age. 70% of Zambians use solid fuels. The GOZ Environmental Council of Zambia, as well as agencies responsible for health and/or house-hold energy, could benefit from membership in PCIA. ** PCIA MEMBER COUNTRIES ** ¶H. Ethiopia (ADDIS ABABA 495): WHO estimates that Ethiopia's national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 4.9%, and accounts for 50,000 deaths per year among children under five years of age. Ethiopia is among the eleven nations that account for the vast majority of world-wide deaths caused by IAP. In addition, Ethiopian women spend an average of 3 hours per day collecting fuel, putting them at increased risk of gender-based violence. Greater than 95% of Ethiopians use solid fuels. The GOE,s Ethiopian Rural Energy Development and Promotion Center (EREDPC) is a member of PCIA. We would like to see GOE to take a more active role in the partnership and in raising regional awareness for the health, environmental, economic and gender-based consequences of IAP. EPA is in the process of awarding a grant to Project Gaia to introduce 17,000 Clean Cook ethanol stoves into condominium developments for low-middle income families previously living in some of the poorest and most run down, slum neighborhoods of Addis Ababa. Clean Cook ethanol stoves will also be sold to the UNHCR for use in refugee camps in Ethiopia. This program will be run in partnership with Makobu Enterprises PLC, Dometic AB, Finchaa Sugar Company, Addis Ababa City Government and the Municipal Environmental Protection Agency. ¶I. Ghana (ACCRA 194): The Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana is currently a PCIA member. Wisdom Ahiataku from the Ministry of Energy in Ghana was a panelist during a PCIA-sponsored side-event at the 16th session of the UN Commission for Sustainable Development on May 7, 2007. WHO estimates that Ghana's national burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use is 2.2%, and accounts for 4000 deaths per year among children under five years of age. 87% of Ghana's population uses solid fuels. GOG could be encouraged to take a more active role in the partnership and raising regional awareness for the health, environmental, economic and gender-based consequences of IAP. EPA recently awarded a grant to EnterpriseWorks/Ghana to expand the availability of 98,000 cleaner burning wood and charcoal Gyapa stoves to 686,000 people living in major urban centers of greater Accra, in the Brong Ahafo region of Western and Central Ghana. The Gyapa wood stove has documented fuel savings of 60% and Gyapa charcoal stove has savings of 40%. ¶18. FURTHER RESOURCES: USG,s Sustainable Development Partnerships website http://www.sdp.gov WHO General information on IAP http://www.who.int/indoorair/en/ Fuel for Life report http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/fue lforlife/ en/index.html WHO National burden of disease estimates for IAP http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/nat ionalburden/ en/index.html Partnership for Clean Indoor Air resources http://www.pciaonline.org/resources.cfm RICE