Identifier
Created
Classification
Origin
09TBILISI347
2009-02-20 13:23:00
UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Embassy Tbilisi
Cable title:
GEORGIA: 2008 WORST FORs4ZPTbreform a priority and has significantly increased
how-toVZCZCXYZ0000 RR RUEHWEB DE RUEHSI #0347/01 0511323 ZNR UUUUU ZZH R 201323Z FEB 09 FM AMEMBASSY TBILISI TO SECSTATE WASHDC 1012
UNCLAS TBILISI 000347
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
DEPT FOR EUR/CARC, EEB, DOL/ILAB for TINA MCCARTER and DRL/ILCSR for
TU DANG
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: ELAB EIND ETRD PHUM SOCI USAID
SUBJECT: GEORGIA: 2008 WORST FORs4ZPTbreform a priority and has significantly increased
expenditures for education over the past few years from 13.2 million
USD in 2003 to 282 million USD budgeted for 2008. In 2008, 158
million USD were allocated to support primary and secondary schools
(compared to 104 million in 2006). Reforms in the education sector
have focused on improving the quality of education, and the creation
of vocational-professional education opportunities. The GoG in 2006
provided funds for the construction of 34 new schools and complete
rehabilitation of 57 schools, thus improving learning conditions for
300,000 children. These programs further continued in 2007 and
2008. Another GoG program focused on the computerization of schools
throughout the country, benefiting over 600 schools. According to
the government's plan, all schools in Georgia will be renovated and
fully equipped by 2010, at a cost of GEL 80 million per year. The
U.S. Government will provide assistance in FY2009 to help
rehabilitate schools that were damaged or destroyed during the
August 2008 war with Russia.
19. Georgian legislation mandates compulsory primary and secondary
education (nine academic years in total) which is provided for free.
Through various initiatives and programs the GoG has started
providing free books for new school entrants, as well as free
Qproviding free books for new school entrants, as well as free
transportation for children in rural areas. However, the high price
of school books still remains a serious concern.
20. In 2006, the Ministr9QQAUW
the framework of a presidwQIQQ\{t and
response to this new program has been very positive. In the
aftermath of the recent conflict with Russia, more than $1.2 billion
in reconstruction projects have been pledged by the GoG and
international donors. In July 2008, USAID launched a $2.4 million
vocational training program to link two vocational centers in
Tbilisi to employers in the tourism and light construction sectors.
child labor laws is found to have occurred, Article 42 of the
Administrative Violations Code empowers the courts to impose
sanctions on the employer.
8. At the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, one deputy minister
focuses on labor issues; there is also a special advisor to the
Minister for labor issues. The Ministry monitors adherence to
accepted labor standards and drafts proposals for changes it deems
necessary. The Parliamentary Committee of Health and Social
Security has general oversight over labor policy and considers labor
related proposals submitted by the Ministry.
9. Article 171 of the Criminal Code of Georgia imposes punishment
for involving a minor in the following activities:
-- involving a minor in prostitution or other sexual perversion or
persuading a minor into any other anti-social activity is punishable
by community service up to 240 hours, by corrective labor for up to
two years, by administrative detention for up to three months, or by
imprisonment for up to two years;
-- involving a minor in abuse of an intoxicant or any other medical
substance is punishable by probation for up to three years, or by
administrative detention for up to four months, or by imprisonment
for up to three years.
10. The criminal code prohibits the employment of a minor in
prostitution, production of pornographic material or presentation.
Also, according to Article 255 of the Criminal Code, the production,
sale, distribution or promotion of a pornographic work containing an
image of a minor is punishable by fine, by corrective labor for up
to three years, or by imprisonment for up to three years. Article
255 also imposes a prison term up to 5 years for involving a minor
in the production of pornographic material. If any of the above
violations are committed by a business or organization, the
punishment includes fines and removal of operating permits.
11. In 2007, a group composed of representatives of international
donor organizations, Georgia's largest internet providers, the
prosecutor's office, Parliament staff, the Georgia National
Communication Commission, foreign experts and UNICEF worked on
legislation to help the Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Prosecutor's office combat child pornography. The law would
complement existing legislation and criminalize the possession,
distribution, production and advertising of child pornography. It
would also provide protection for the identity of the victims,
witnesses and the accused, and would impose punishment on media
sources for disclosing such information. The draft provides for
removal of the child from a harmful situation and his or her
placement in the best possible environment. The draft law was
submitted for Parliament's approval early in 2008; however, because
of the Georgia-Russia war of August 2008 and related political and
economic crisis, the hearing of the draft law was postponed and
remains pending.
12. The GoG relies on donor organizations to raise public awareness
and provide training activities on child labor-related issues. In
2005 and 2006, UNICEF sponsored a project, implemented by the NGO
World Vision, to support integration of street children into
society. Training was provided to both NGOs and government
authorities and a public-awareness campaign was conducted.
13. To improve the situation of vulnerable children in Georgia, EU
TACIS is implementing a Support to Child Welfare Reform project.
The project is intended to build the Government of Georgia's
capacity to reform the national child care system according to the
Qcapacity to reform the national child care system according to the
principles and standards of the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child. Activities include drafting secondary
legislation and a child welfare policy framework, building capacity
at the national and lower administrative levels to plan, manage, and
monitor the reformed child care system, including specialized bodies
for ensuring that standards and norms are met; and building capacity
at the lower administrative level to offer child care services to
vulnerable children and families.
14. ILO does not have a national representative in Georgia, but it
opened a small office to coordinate its projects that focus on
anti-trafficking in persons (TIP) activities. The GoG has agreed
with the ILO to undertake an assessment of child labor. A Joint
Rapid Assessment issued by ILO, Save the Children and UNICEF focused
on conflict-affected (August war) children rather than on general
child population and their issues.
15. Since 2004, Government funding for alternative children care
services increased by 450 percent (from $480 thousand to $2.67
million). During the same period, the number of state social
workers providing family support, reintegration and foster care
services increased by from 51 to 178, and the number of children in
state child care institutions decreased by 51% (from 5200 to 2690).
Boarding schools have been reorganized to give children the
opportunity to integrate and study at the public schools. The
Government set national minimum standards for family support and
adopted family substitute services. The Government also provided
Higher Education Grant programs for children who have been deprived
of care (full coverage of Tuition and stipend) and provided
emergency assistance to families (medical or other).
16. The GoG implemented the following programs in 2007-2008:
-- A program to Support Orphans and Children Deprived of Parental
Care that has six subprograms aimed at providing higher and
professional education to children who are graduates of child care
institutions, to assist with their socialization and integration
into society; assisting local government bodies with implementing
foster care; cash assistance to vulnerable families to prevent
abandonment of children; and improving equipment at children's homes
and boarding schools.
-- A Family Support Program aimed at consultation and psychological
service for socially vulnerable families and their children, and for
teaching handicrafts to 14-16 year olds;
-- Children's Village and Day Care Centers aimed at improvement of
conditions, educational opportunities and health care provision for
abandoned and disabled children;
-- Reorganization of four residential institutions in Tbilisi;
-- Government support for USAID, UNICEF and Save the Children's
Rebuilding Lives Project for street children, to use it for
designing an appropriate strategy to respond to problems of this
vulnerable group.
17. The main results of the Prevention of Child Abandonment and
Deinstitutionalization Program as of the end of 2008 were:
-- Sixty new Social Workers recruited;
-- Five day care centers financed (Rustavi, Tianeti, Akhmeta,
Tbilisi);
-- Six small group homes financed (Telavi, Kutaisi, Batumi, Rustavi,
Ozurgeti, Mtskheta);
-- Four hundred new foster care cases opened;
-- Three hundred new reintegration cases opened;
-- Nine hundred new prevention/protection cases opened.
--------------
Social Programs to Prevent Involving
Children in the Worst Forms of Child Labor
--------------
18. The GoG, through the Ministry of Education and Science, has made
education reform a priority and has significantly increased
expenditures for education over the past few years from 13.2 million
USD in 2003 to 282 million USD budgeted for 2008. In 2008, 158
million USD were allocated to support primary and secondary schools
(compared to 104 million in 2006). Reforms in the education sector
have focused on improving the quality of education, and the creation
of vocational-professional education opportunities. The GoG in 2006
provided funds for the construction of 34 new schools and complete
rehabilitation of 57 schools, thus improving learning conditions for
300,000 children. These programs further continued in 2007 and
2008. Another GoG program focused on the computerization of schools
throughout the country, benefiting over 600 schools. According to
the government's plan, all schools in Georgia will be renovated and
fully equipped by 2010, at a cost of GEL 80 million per year. The
U.S. Government will provide assistance in FY2009 to help
rehabilitate schools that were damaged or destroyed during the
August 2008 war with Russia.
19. Georgian legislation mandates compulsory primary and secondary
education (nine academic years in total) which is provided for free.
Through various initiatives and programs the GoG has started
providing free books for new school entrants, as well as free
Qproviding free books for new school entrants, as well as free
transportation for children in rural areas. However, the high price
of school books still remains a serious concern.
20. In 2006, the Ministry of Education announced it was making
vocational education a priority. Twelve centers of vocational
education were set up in different areas. Starting in 2006,
rehabilitation of vocational educational institutions began within
the framework of a presidential program. In 2008, the GoG allocated
5.2 million USD for financing vocational schools. The program aims
at attracting students by providing a quality education that
corresponds to labor market requirements. Industry interest and
response to this new program has been very positive. In the
aftermath of the recent conflict with Russia, more than $1.2 billion
in reconstruction projects have been pledged by the GoG and
international donors. In July 2008, USAID launched a $2.4 million
vocational training program to link two vocational centers in
Tbilisi to employers in the tourism and light construction sectors.
Industry interest and response to this new program has been very
positive. In the aftermath of the recent conflict with Russia, more
than $1.2 billion in reconstruction projects have been pledged by
the GoG and international donors. USAID has increased the funding
of its current vocational training program to $4.1 million to train
approximately 20,000 Georgian workers to fill job opportunities
created by post-conflict reconstruction projects as well as
secondary support industries through rapid, intensive courses that
directly meet the needs of employers. These training courses are
open to adults and youths above the age of 16 years.
21. As the lead coordination agency in the field of education,
UNICEF spearheaded an initiative to ensure that all children had
access to school at the start of the new academic year. This has
been done through coordination and oversight of activities in the
areas of rehabilitation and supplies for schools; registration of
internally displaced children in local schools; assistance to the
Ministry of Education and Science in providing alternative schooling
arrangements for communities where schools are being used as
collective centers; the provision of Mine Risk Education in schools
in conflict-affected areas; training and support for teachers and
staff from Educational Resource Centers and general support to the
Ministry of Education and Science. UNICEF, and its partner
organizations, are working with schools and municipal authorities to
ensure that lack of documentation and undefined status do not act as
barriers to education for displaced children. UNICEF is also
working with the Ministry of Education and Science to deliver day
care activities and identify alternative preschool facilities where
local kindergartens are still occupied by IDPs.
--------------
General Situation on Child Labor
--------------
22. In general, the employment of minors under age 16 is not
considered to be a problem in Georgia given the high rate of
unemployment and concurrent availability of an adult labor force
willing to work in low paying jobs. The most visible form of child
labor is street begging in Tbilisi. Many of these children are
ethnic Roma.
23. According to a 1999 UNICEF study, there were an estimated 2,500
children living and working in the streets at that time. A 2007
study of street children by the NGO Save the Children indicates that
the number has significantly decreased since then. The study found
700-800 children on the street in the entire country, with about
half of them living in Tbilisi. The risky lifestyles of children
living on the streets expose them to alcohol and drug abuse, HIV/STD
infection and exploitation. Studies indicate that street children
are involved in a variety of activities: selling foodstuffs,
begging, heavy labor (e.g., unloading railway carriages, in which
some children sleep),stealing, and prostitution. Most appear to
have homes and to give their earnings, or some part of them, to
their families or to adults who direct their activities. Children
on the streets and those in special shelters are especially
susceptible to crime.
24. Many minors under age 16 work and perform chores on home farms
in rural areas, though this activity is not considered harmful and
is not governed by labor legislation. Currently, the GoG lacks any
mechanism that would allow reasonable assessment of numbers or
working conditions for these children.
25. The Association of Employees of Georgia contracted a research
Q25. The Association of Employees of Georgia contracted a research
group to conduct a survey "Child Labor in Agricultural Sector" to
study the effect of employment on the development of working
children in one of the spheres of agriculture, namely, fruit
growing. The survey interviewed 200 households, both parents and
children. Main employment practices included care of sister-brother
and other family members, cleaning/tidying up the yard, feeding
domestic animals, chopping wood, soil cultivation and gathering
harvest. Almost all such children are occupied in their own
households. The study focused on issues such as the effect of
employment on children's health and education. Only one in ten
children said that employment hinders them from studying. However,
the study observed a negative impact on children's health.
Adolescents who are involved in agricultural sector get sick more
often than other children. The study did not confirm a hypothesis
that orking children are less involved in social activities.
LOGSDON
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
DEPT FOR EUR/CARC, EEB, DOL/ILAB for TINA MCCARTER and DRL/ILCSR for
TU DANG
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: ELAB EIND ETRD PHUM SOCI USAID
SUBJECT: GEORGIA: 2008 WORST FORs4ZPTbreform a priority and has significantly increased
expenditures for education over the past few years from 13.2 million
USD in 2003 to 282 million USD budgeted for 2008. In 2008, 158
million USD were allocated to support primary and secondary schools
(compared to 104 million in 2006). Reforms in the education sector
have focused on improving the quality of education, and the creation
of vocational-professional education opportunities. The GoG in 2006
provided funds for the construction of 34 new schools and complete
rehabilitation of 57 schools, thus improving learning conditions for
300,000 children. These programs further continued in 2007 and
2008. Another GoG program focused on the computerization of schools
throughout the country, benefiting over 600 schools. According to
the government's plan, all schools in Georgia will be renovated and
fully equipped by 2010, at a cost of GEL 80 million per year. The
U.S. Government will provide assistance in FY2009 to help
rehabilitate schools that were damaged or destroyed during the
August 2008 war with Russia.
19. Georgian legislation mandates compulsory primary and secondary
education (nine academic years in total) which is provided for free.
Through various initiatives and programs the GoG has started
providing free books for new school entrants, as well as free
Qproviding free books for new school entrants, as well as free
transportation for children in rural areas. However, the high price
of school books still remains a serious concern.
20. In 2006, the Ministr9QQAUW
the framework of a presidwQIQQ\{t and
response to this new program has been very positive. In the
aftermath of the recent conflict with Russia, more than $1.2 billion
in reconstruction projects have been pledged by the GoG and
international donors. In July 2008, USAID launched a $2.4 million
vocational training program to link two vocational centers in
Tbilisi to employers in the tourism and light construction sectors.
child labor laws is found to have occurred, Article 42 of the
Administrative Violations Code empowers the courts to impose
sanctions on the employer.
8. At the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, one deputy minister
focuses on labor issues; there is also a special advisor to the
Minister for labor issues. The Ministry monitors adherence to
accepted labor standards and drafts proposals for changes it deems
necessary. The Parliamentary Committee of Health and Social
Security has general oversight over labor policy and considers labor
related proposals submitted by the Ministry.
9. Article 171 of the Criminal Code of Georgia imposes punishment
for involving a minor in the following activities:
-- involving a minor in prostitution or other sexual perversion or
persuading a minor into any other anti-social activity is punishable
by community service up to 240 hours, by corrective labor for up to
two years, by administrative detention for up to three months, or by
imprisonment for up to two years;
-- involving a minor in abuse of an intoxicant or any other medical
substance is punishable by probation for up to three years, or by
administrative detention for up to four months, or by imprisonment
for up to three years.
10. The criminal code prohibits the employment of a minor in
prostitution, production of pornographic material or presentation.
Also, according to Article 255 of the Criminal Code, the production,
sale, distribution or promotion of a pornographic work containing an
image of a minor is punishable by fine, by corrective labor for up
to three years, or by imprisonment for up to three years. Article
255 also imposes a prison term up to 5 years for involving a minor
in the production of pornographic material. If any of the above
violations are committed by a business or organization, the
punishment includes fines and removal of operating permits.
11. In 2007, a group composed of representatives of international
donor organizations, Georgia's largest internet providers, the
prosecutor's office, Parliament staff, the Georgia National
Communication Commission, foreign experts and UNICEF worked on
legislation to help the Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Prosecutor's office combat child pornography. The law would
complement existing legislation and criminalize the possession,
distribution, production and advertising of child pornography. It
would also provide protection for the identity of the victims,
witnesses and the accused, and would impose punishment on media
sources for disclosing such information. The draft provides for
removal of the child from a harmful situation and his or her
placement in the best possible environment. The draft law was
submitted for Parliament's approval early in 2008; however, because
of the Georgia-Russia war of August 2008 and related political and
economic crisis, the hearing of the draft law was postponed and
remains pending.
12. The GoG relies on donor organizations to raise public awareness
and provide training activities on child labor-related issues. In
2005 and 2006, UNICEF sponsored a project, implemented by the NGO
World Vision, to support integration of street children into
society. Training was provided to both NGOs and government
authorities and a public-awareness campaign was conducted.
13. To improve the situation of vulnerable children in Georgia, EU
TACIS is implementing a Support to Child Welfare Reform project.
The project is intended to build the Government of Georgia's
capacity to reform the national child care system according to the
Qcapacity to reform the national child care system according to the
principles and standards of the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child. Activities include drafting secondary
legislation and a child welfare policy framework, building capacity
at the national and lower administrative levels to plan, manage, and
monitor the reformed child care system, including specialized bodies
for ensuring that standards and norms are met; and building capacity
at the lower administrative level to offer child care services to
vulnerable children and families.
14. ILO does not have a national representative in Georgia, but it
opened a small office to coordinate its projects that focus on
anti-trafficking in persons (TIP) activities. The GoG has agreed
with the ILO to undertake an assessment of child labor. A Joint
Rapid Assessment issued by ILO, Save the Children and UNICEF focused
on conflict-affected (August war) children rather than on general
child population and their issues.
15. Since 2004, Government funding for alternative children care
services increased by 450 percent (from $480 thousand to $2.67
million). During the same period, the number of state social
workers providing family support, reintegration and foster care
services increased by from 51 to 178, and the number of children in
state child care institutions decreased by 51% (from 5200 to 2690).
Boarding schools have been reorganized to give children the
opportunity to integrate and study at the public schools. The
Government set national minimum standards for family support and
adopted family substitute services. The Government also provided
Higher Education Grant programs for children who have been deprived
of care (full coverage of Tuition and stipend) and provided
emergency assistance to families (medical or other).
16. The GoG implemented the following programs in 2007-2008:
-- A program to Support Orphans and Children Deprived of Parental
Care that has six subprograms aimed at providing higher and
professional education to children who are graduates of child care
institutions, to assist with their socialization and integration
into society; assisting local government bodies with implementing
foster care; cash assistance to vulnerable families to prevent
abandonment of children; and improving equipment at children's homes
and boarding schools.
-- A Family Support Program aimed at consultation and psychological
service for socially vulnerable families and their children, and for
teaching handicrafts to 14-16 year olds;
-- Children's Village and Day Care Centers aimed at improvement of
conditions, educational opportunities and health care provision for
abandoned and disabled children;
-- Reorganization of four residential institutions in Tbilisi;
-- Government support for USAID, UNICEF and Save the Children's
Rebuilding Lives Project for street children, to use it for
designing an appropriate strategy to respond to problems of this
vulnerable group.
17. The main results of the Prevention of Child Abandonment and
Deinstitutionalization Program as of the end of 2008 were:
-- Sixty new Social Workers recruited;
-- Five day care centers financed (Rustavi, Tianeti, Akhmeta,
Tbilisi);
-- Six small group homes financed (Telavi, Kutaisi, Batumi, Rustavi,
Ozurgeti, Mtskheta);
-- Four hundred new foster care cases opened;
-- Three hundred new reintegration cases opened;
-- Nine hundred new prevention/protection cases opened.
--------------
Social Programs to Prevent Involving
Children in the Worst Forms of Child Labor
--------------
18. The GoG, through the Ministry of Education and Science, has made
education reform a priority and has significantly increased
expenditures for education over the past few years from 13.2 million
USD in 2003 to 282 million USD budgeted for 2008. In 2008, 158
million USD were allocated to support primary and secondary schools
(compared to 104 million in 2006). Reforms in the education sector
have focused on improving the quality of education, and the creation
of vocational-professional education opportunities. The GoG in 2006
provided funds for the construction of 34 new schools and complete
rehabilitation of 57 schools, thus improving learning conditions for
300,000 children. These programs further continued in 2007 and
2008. Another GoG program focused on the computerization of schools
throughout the country, benefiting over 600 schools. According to
the government's plan, all schools in Georgia will be renovated and
fully equipped by 2010, at a cost of GEL 80 million per year. The
U.S. Government will provide assistance in FY2009 to help
rehabilitate schools that were damaged or destroyed during the
August 2008 war with Russia.
19. Georgian legislation mandates compulsory primary and secondary
education (nine academic years in total) which is provided for free.
Through various initiatives and programs the GoG has started
providing free books for new school entrants, as well as free
Qproviding free books for new school entrants, as well as free
transportation for children in rural areas. However, the high price
of school books still remains a serious concern.
20. In 2006, the Ministry of Education announced it was making
vocational education a priority. Twelve centers of vocational
education were set up in different areas. Starting in 2006,
rehabilitation of vocational educational institutions began within
the framework of a presidential program. In 2008, the GoG allocated
5.2 million USD for financing vocational schools. The program aims
at attracting students by providing a quality education that
corresponds to labor market requirements. Industry interest and
response to this new program has been very positive. In the
aftermath of the recent conflict with Russia, more than $1.2 billion
in reconstruction projects have been pledged by the GoG and
international donors. In July 2008, USAID launched a $2.4 million
vocational training program to link two vocational centers in
Tbilisi to employers in the tourism and light construction sectors.
Industry interest and response to this new program has been very
positive. In the aftermath of the recent conflict with Russia, more
than $1.2 billion in reconstruction projects have been pledged by
the GoG and international donors. USAID has increased the funding
of its current vocational training program to $4.1 million to train
approximately 20,000 Georgian workers to fill job opportunities
created by post-conflict reconstruction projects as well as
secondary support industries through rapid, intensive courses that
directly meet the needs of employers. These training courses are
open to adults and youths above the age of 16 years.
21. As the lead coordination agency in the field of education,
UNICEF spearheaded an initiative to ensure that all children had
access to school at the start of the new academic year. This has
been done through coordination and oversight of activities in the
areas of rehabilitation and supplies for schools; registration of
internally displaced children in local schools; assistance to the
Ministry of Education and Science in providing alternative schooling
arrangements for communities where schools are being used as
collective centers; the provision of Mine Risk Education in schools
in conflict-affected areas; training and support for teachers and
staff from Educational Resource Centers and general support to the
Ministry of Education and Science. UNICEF, and its partner
organizations, are working with schools and municipal authorities to
ensure that lack of documentation and undefined status do not act as
barriers to education for displaced children. UNICEF is also
working with the Ministry of Education and Science to deliver day
care activities and identify alternative preschool facilities where
local kindergartens are still occupied by IDPs.
--------------
General Situation on Child Labor
--------------
22. In general, the employment of minors under age 16 is not
considered to be a problem in Georgia given the high rate of
unemployment and concurrent availability of an adult labor force
willing to work in low paying jobs. The most visible form of child
labor is street begging in Tbilisi. Many of these children are
ethnic Roma.
23. According to a 1999 UNICEF study, there were an estimated 2,500
children living and working in the streets at that time. A 2007
study of street children by the NGO Save the Children indicates that
the number has significantly decreased since then. The study found
700-800 children on the street in the entire country, with about
half of them living in Tbilisi. The risky lifestyles of children
living on the streets expose them to alcohol and drug abuse, HIV/STD
infection and exploitation. Studies indicate that street children
are involved in a variety of activities: selling foodstuffs,
begging, heavy labor (e.g., unloading railway carriages, in which
some children sleep),stealing, and prostitution. Most appear to
have homes and to give their earnings, or some part of them, to
their families or to adults who direct their activities. Children
on the streets and those in special shelters are especially
susceptible to crime.
24. Many minors under age 16 work and perform chores on home farms
in rural areas, though this activity is not considered harmful and
is not governed by labor legislation. Currently, the GoG lacks any
mechanism that would allow reasonable assessment of numbers or
working conditions for these children.
25. The Association of Employees of Georgia contracted a research
Q25. The Association of Employees of Georgia contracted a research
group to conduct a survey "Child Labor in Agricultural Sector" to
study the effect of employment on the development of working
children in one of the spheres of agriculture, namely, fruit
growing. The survey interviewed 200 households, both parents and
children. Main employment practices included care of sister-brother
and other family members, cleaning/tidying up the yard, feeding
domestic animals, chopping wood, soil cultivation and gathering
harvest. Almost all such children are occupied in their own
households. The study focused on issues such as the effect of
employment on children's health and education. Only one in ten
children said that employment hinders them from studying. However,
the study observed a negative impact on children's health.
Adolescents who are involved in agricultural sector get sick more
often than other children. The study did not confirm a hypothesis
that orking children are less involved in social activities.
LOGSDON