ISRAEL: SIXTH ANNUAL TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 09 TEL AVIV 000914

SIPDIS

SENSITIVE

DEPT FOR G/TIP: GAYATRI PATEL; NEA/IPA: JOSHUA DAVIS;
NEA/RA: JOHN MENARD

E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: KCRM PHUM KWMN SMIG KFRD ASEC PREF ELAB IS ISRAELI SOCIETY GOI INTERNAL
SUBJECT: ISRAEL: SIXTH ANNUAL TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT
(2 OF 4)

REF: A. SECSTATE 03836

B. TEL AVIV 596

(SBU) This cable forms the second part of a four-part message
in response to reftel A. Embassy point of contact is poloff
James Miller, phone (972)3-519-7437, fax (972)3-519-7484.

-- D. To what extent does the government systematically
monitor its anti-trafficking efforts (on all fronts --
prosecution, prevention and victim protection) and
periodically make available, publicly or privately and
directly or through regional/international organizations, its
assessments of these anti-trafficking efforts?

The GOI does not systematically monitor its anti-trafficking
efforts. The MOJ requests every year that relevant
government ministries report their anti-trafficking efforts.
The MOJ then compiles the information in consolidated,
detailed form and shares it with U.S. Embassy personnel in
preparation for the State Department TIP report.

The Knesset Permanent Inquiry Committee on Trafficking in
Persons, chaired by MK Za'hava Gal-On, also regularly
addresses TIP issues and developments in a public forum. In
March 2005, the Committee published its report for the years
2000 - 2004. In January 2006, the Committee published a
report regarding the implementation of its recommendations by
the relevant government agencies. In addition, the press
frequently publishes stories on trafficking and prostitution
and cites government sources.

The MOJ Internet site includes information on trafficking and
GOI efforts to combat it. MOJ officials say that they
publicized this site during the year. In August 2005, in
preparation for the "Week of the Battle Against Trafficking
in Israel," the Committee, together with the Knesset's
Research and Information Center, produced a fact sheet on the
battle against trafficking in women. The MOJ distributed
this fact sheet to all government ministries, police units
and law enforcement authorities.

A government official, however, stated in Februrary 2005 to
the Knesset Committee on Trafficking that "no serious
research as been conducted into (trafficking),no one has
ever checked this in an orderly fashion, and it may be that
the time for this has come."

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3. (SBU) PREVENTION
--------------

-- A. Does the government acknowledge that trafficking is a
problem in that country? If no, why not?

The GOI acknowledges the problem of sex trafficking in
Israel. The government also now acknowledges the problem of
labor trafficking in Israel, as detailed in its report to the
Embassy on trafficking and in public hearings of the Knesset
Committee on Foreign Workers.

-- B. Which government agencies are involved in anti-
trafficking efforts and which agency, if any, has the lead?

The main agencies involved in anti-trafficking efforts
include the INP; the Counseling and Legislation Department in
the MOJ; the foreign workers department in the Ministry of
Industry, Trade and Labor; the Crime Unit in the Immigration
Administration (IA); and the Population Registry in the
Ministry of the Interior.

-- C. Are there, or have there been, government-run anti-
trafficking information or education campaigns? If so,
briefly describe the campaign(s),including their objectives
and effectiveness. Do these campaigns target potential
trafficking victims and/or the demand for trafficking (e.g.
"clients" of prostitutes or beneficiaries of forced labor).

The government initiated or continued several public
education campaigns as detailed below.
-- Sex Trafficking: In December 2004, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs (MFA),in collaboration with the MOJ, NGOs and civil
society activists, began an information campaign in source
countries of TIP for the purpose of prostitution. The MFA
printed brochures in Russian warning of the dangers of TIP
and distributed these brochures through Israeli embassies and
consulates in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan and other source countries. While the NGOs
associated with this process claimed that the number of
brochures proved insufficient to reach potentially vulnerable
foreigners, the GOI claims to have received positive feedback
about the brochures from the countries of origin. To
buttress this campaign, the MOJ website has posted
descriptions of TIP, of efforts to combat TIP, and of
characteristics of and approaches used by persons usually
involved in these activities.

In 2005, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports ran
several programs targeting the issue of trafficking in
persons for prostitution. The Ministry trained instructors
and tutors in the Youth Advancement Department about the
issue of prostitution, and trained teachers to deal with
gender education, mutual respect, and the treatment of women
trafficked for prostitution. The Ministry also reports that
it designed and implemented a new educational unit entitled,
"It's not Sex ) it's causing harm," as part of the
curriculum on issues pertaining to Basic Law: Human Dignity
and Liberty. In 2006, GOI officials report, a joint team
with members from the Ministries of Justice; Education,
Culture and Sports; and the Union of Local Authorities, will
implement a specific educational unit in high schools focused
on prostitution and trafficking in women.

-- Labor trafficking: The ITL Ministry posted on its website
in 15 languages a brochure ("zchuton") stipulating the labor
rights of foreign workers in Israel, including the contact
information for the workers' ombudswoman. Officials in the
Interior Ministry say they began in 2006 distributing these
brochures to workers as they arrive in Ben Gurion Airport.
The ITL Ministry also reports that it distributed tailored
brochures in English, Russian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Thai and
Chinese to workers in the construction sector explaining
their special rights and obligations; the ITL Ministry
reports that it has obligated the 42 manpower companies to
distribute these brochures to their workers, and requires
them to sign an affidavit affirming that they have done so.
The IA has also printed the workers' rights brochure in 15
languages and posted it inside immigrant detention centers.
In addition, the ITL Ministry held a series of seminars to
train the inspectors it sends to worksites to recognize cases
of labor exploitation and to take special steps in handling
such cases.

The government did not sponsor anti-trafficking campaigns
directed at the Israeli public or brothel patrons.

-- D. Does the government support other programs to prevent
trafficking? (e.g., to promote women's participation in
economic decision-making or efforts to keep children in
school.) Please explain.

The GOI sponsored its officials during 2005 to participate in
and/or deliver presentations at several international
conferences related to trafficking in persons. Officials and
representatives from religious communities, the Organization
for International Migration (IOM),the Ukraine, as well as
Israeli and foreign NGOs attended these conferences.

The de facto coordinator continued to follow closely
individual cases of sex trafficking, and persistently
initiated meetings with GOI officials in order to facilitate
communication and coordination. She met with the state
attorney, the deputy state attorney for criminal matters, the
deputy state attorney for labor disputes, as well as
officials in the Ministry of the Interior and the INP.

The GOI appointed a liaison in the state attorney's Office to
address problems and complaints related to trafficking
victims in cooperation with the de facto coordinator. In
addition, the state attorney,s office instituted a formal
procedure by which every six months all the heads of
departments in the state attorney's Office will convene a
meeting with the de facto coordinator to address trafficking
issues.

The GOI also held October 30, 2005 in the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs a formal meeting to discuss the U.S. State Department
Anti-Trafficking Report and learn from it. The government
aims to continue this practice in the future.

-- F. What is the relationship between government officials,
NGOs, other relevant organizations and other elements of
civil society on the trafficking issue?

-- Sex Trafficking: NGOs met with officials in all of the
main agencies involved in anti-trafficking efforts and
described positive working relationships with many of their
interlocutors. The de facto TIP coordinator met regularly
with NGO representatives to discuss ways of working together
more effectively and to exchange information and ideas. NGO
workers collaborated particularly with officials in the MOJ
and the INP. In general, NGO representatives note that
junior officials proved far less cooperative than did senior
officials, and officials at the local level proved more
difficult than did those at the national level. NGOs also
found it difficult to communicate with some representatives
of the Ministry of Interior and of the IA.

-- Labor Trafficking: The director of the Department of
Foreign Workers in the ITL Ministry met periodically with
representatives of NGOs, and the ministry's enforcement
division investigated complaints filed by workers and their
NGO representatives. (Note: The GOI established the ITL
Ministry's foreign workers department in May 2003. The
Ministry situated its enforcement division within the foreign
workers department. End note.) The crime unit of the IA
claimed that it has been working closely since its inception
with NGOs to investigate allegations made by the
organizations, an assessment that NGO representatives
dispute. GOI officials say that they have formulated a
procedure for collaboration between the enforcement division
of the ITL Ministry and the crime unit of the IA. According
to the GOI, this procedure facilitates swift execution of
employer investigations while safeguarding foreign workers,
rights.

NGO representatives claim that they had a different
experience in working with two different groups of government
officials, those fighting labor trafficking and those
fighting sex trafficking. The NGO workers say they found
officials fighting sex trafficking to be more cooperative.
Officials combating labor trafficking, NGOs maintain, do not
often welcome NGO interference because they seek first to
protect employers, sometimes at the expense of their workers.
Most importantly, according to NGOs, these officials direct
enforcement measures primarily against the workers, by
arresting and deporting trafficking victims instead of their
traffickers and employers.

NGO representatives lectured during the year to members of
the police, including investigators.

-- G. Does it monitor immigration and emigration patterns for
evidence of trafficking? Do law enforcement agencies screen
for potential trafficking victims along borders?

Both the Ministry of the Interior and the IA compile data on
immigration/emigration patterns and trends, which they share
with police intelligence and Border Police officials. The
Ramon Border Police Unit screens for potential trafficking
victims along Israel,s southern border with Egypt. In 2005,
this special unit caught 345 Israelis and foreign nationals
infiltrating illegally through the Egyptian border into
Israel, including 45 women trafficked for prostitution or
smuggled for housework. The IDF soldiers who guard Israel,s
border with Jordan do not screen for trafficking victims, nor
do the soldiers who guard Israel,s northern borders with
Syria and Lebanon; the police and NGOs do not believe,
however, that many victims enter Israel through these
borders.

-- H. Is there a mechanism for coordination and communication
between various agencies, internal, international, and
multilateral on trafficking- related matters, such as a
multi- agency working group or a task force? Does the
government have a trafficking in persons working group or
single point of contact? Does the government have a public
corruption task force?

The GOI has not established an anti-trafficking task force,
but the GOI has re-established an inter-ministerial committee
to address both labor and sex trafficking. Chair of the
Knesset Committee on Trafficking Zahava Galon proposed in
2005 the creation of a special agency to address trafficking,
and plans to draft legislation to establish this agency.

The government approved in May funding for two inter-agency
TIP coordinators, one for sex trafficking and one for labor
trafficking, to coordinate work between government
departments and between the government and NGOs. The
coordinators will report to a committee of directors general
of relevant governmental agencies, headed by the director
general of the MOJ.

By the end of the reporting period, the government had failed
to appoint the coordinators, assign office space, and fund an
assistant. NGOs say that, without an assistant, the
coordinators will not be able to handle the workload. The de
facto coordinator continues to work in her unofficial
capacity, without an assistant, and while holding a full-time
job in the MOJ unrelated to her work as the trafficking
coordinator.

-- J. Does the government have a national plan of action to
address trafficking in persons? If so, which agencies were
involved in developing it? Were NGOs consulted in the
process? What steps has the government taken to disseminate
the action plan?

-- Sex trafficking: The government does not have a national
plan of action to address trafficking in persons. GOI
officials maintain that the recommendations of the
inter-ministerial anti-trafficking committee in 2002 still
serve as the basis for a national action plan. The GOI
reports that, during 2005, it implemented four of these
recommendations, by conducting information campaigns, closing
premises used for prostitution and trafficking, training
government officials, and improving coordination among
government agencies.

-- Labor Trafficking: The Government claims that several of
the attorney general,s 2004 decisions form the basis for a
national plan to combat labor trafficking. NGOs laud these
efforts, but aver that they do not constitute a "national
plan" as such. The government decided in 2004 (1) to hire an
attorney for the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor to
coordinate investigations of serious labor infractions for
foreign workers and to cancel the employment permits of any
employer found to have committed such violations; (2) to hire
a jurist as an ombudsman for foreign workers' rights within
the Ministry of Industry Trade and Labor; (3) and to amend
section 66 of the Employment Service Law to raise the penalty
for collecting illegal recruitment fees from foreign workers.


In what Committee leaders described as an attempt to lead and
inform public policy on the issue of trafficking in foreign
workers, the Knesset Committee on Foreign Workers has held
public hearings on the following issues: overall policy
towards foreign workers in Israel; employment policy towards
foreign workers in industry, construction, agriculture, and
nursing-care; possible establishment of a national
Immigration Authority to provide more power to the current
Immigration Administration (IA); IA enforcement measures
concerning foreign workers; female migrant workers as rape
victims; and the collection policy regarding fines
administered upon foreign workers' employers.

In 2005, the government implemented all of these decisions.
It did not, however, re-assess the situation and create a new
plan during the year to address the persistent problem of
labor trafficking.

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4. (SBU) INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF TRAFFICKERS
-------------- --------------

-- A. Does the country have a law specifically prohibiting
trafficking in persons--both trafficking for sexual
exploitation and trafficking for non- sexual purposes (e.g.
forced labor)? If so, what is the law? Does the law(s) cover
both internal and external (transnational) forms of
trafficking? If not, under what other laws can traffickers be
prosecuted? For example, are there laws against slavery or
the exploitation of prostitution by means of coercion or
fraud? Are these other laws being used in trafficking cases?
Are these laws, taken together, adequate to cover the full
scope of trafficking in persons? Please provide a full
inventory of trafficking laws, including civil penalties,
(e.g., civil forfeiture laws and laws against illegal debt).

-- Sex trafficking: Section 203(a) of the Penal Law, enacted
in July 2000, prohibits trafficking in persons for the
purposes of sexual exploitation. According to the GOI, an
indictment based on trafficking might also include charges
such as rape, false imprisonment, retaining a passport,
forced labor, exploitation of prostitution by means of
coercion or fraud, or kidnapping for the purposes of
prostitution. Judgments have typically reflected a narrow
interpretation of the law, but court cases rendered in the
summer of 2003 clarified that trafficking cases should not be
narrowly construed. Section 431 of the Penal Law prohibits
exploitation and declares it punishable by one year of
imprisonment. Section 376A of the Penal Law renders
withholding a passport illegal and punishable by one year of
imprisonment. Section 376 of the Penal Law prohibits forced
labor and renders it punishable by one year of imprisonment.
Sections 415 and 440 of the Penal Law prohibit fraud and deem
it punishable by up to five years imprisonment. The law for
the prevention of infiltration (1954) prohibits the smuggling
of persons across Israeli borders and carries a punishment of
up to five years imprisonment.

The Knesset passed in April the Law Limiting Use of Premises
in order to Prevent the Commission of Crimes, 5765 ) 2005,
which provides to the police and the courts authority to
limit the use of properties that previously served as
brothels if there is a reasonable basis to suspect that they
will continue to serve that purpose. The Magistrates' Court
in Be'er Sheva ordered September 6 the closing for a period
of 90 days of premises that had served for the purposes of
prostitution, after the judges reviewed evidence indicating
that the premises would continue to serve those purposes.
The GOI argues that this law provides law enforcement
authorities an important tool to battle trafficking, as it
authorizes the continual closure of premises to which women
have been trafficked.

The government submitted a bill to the Knesset that allows
one judge, instead of a bench of three judges, to hear
criminal trials regarding trafficking in persons. This bill
would expedite trafficking cases, as in the past the
necessity to convene three judges consistently caused delays.
The bill has passed its first of three readings.

-- Labor trafficking: Since Israeli law does not prohibit
labor trafficking, the police may arrest and prosecute
traffickers for violating the Foreign Workers Law, Minimum
Wage Law, the Annual Leave Law, and the Protection of Wages
Law. Section 376 of the Penal Law forbids the confiscation
of passports. The Law of Employment of Workers by Employment
Agencies prohibits employers from charging workers fees in
exchange for their employment. The Foreign Workers Law
prohibits employers from, among other activities, hiring a
foreign worker without providing the worker a detailed
contract, medical insurance, proper lodging, and a detailed
pay slip. Israel also has laws against slavery, fraud,
smuggling, abductions, and threatening violence.
In November, a comprehensive law to forbid all forms of
trafficking, including for the purpose of labor exploitation,
passed its first reading in the Knesset. The present law
carries a maximum sentence of 16 years, and 20 years in cases
where the victim is a minor, for those who traffic human
beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The new law
proposes to extend this high maximum sentence to those
convicted of trafficking humans for the purposes of slavery
(including forced labor, exploitation, locking up and
extortion) or removing body organs.

-- B. What are the penalties for traffickers of people for
sexual exploitation? For traffickers of people for labor
exploitation?

-- Sex trafficking: Under section 203(a) of the Penal Code, a
person selling or buying another person to engage in
prostitution can be sentenced to up to 16 years. Anyone
causing a person to leave his or her country of residence to
engage in prostitution may receive to up to 10 years
imprisonment. If the victim is a minor, the penalties are 20
years and 15 years respectively.

During the year, courts imposed tougher sentences for
trafficking in women than previously, but these sentences
remained significantly lighter than the maximum allowable
prison sentences. According to the GOI, the courts imposed
an average sentence of eight to ten years, an increase from
an average in 2002 of one to three years. Since the Knesset
passed the anti-trafficking law in 2000, judges have
sentenced sex traffickers, on average, to six years in prison
with a two-year suspended sentence.

-- Labor trafficking: The GOI does not currently prosecute
labor traffickers because the law does not specifically
address this offense. When the IA or ITL Ministry discover
employers violating labor laws, they most often seek to fine
the employers (for an average of approximately $2,200 (10,000
NIS) per employer). Judges can sentence violators of the
Foreign Worker's Law, the Minimum Wage Law, and the
Confiscation of Passports Law to up to one year in prison,
while violators of the Smuggling law may receive up to five
years.

-- C. What are the penalties for rape or forcible sexual
assault? How do they compare to the penalty for sex
trafficking?

The penalties for trafficking equal those for rape and sexual
assault. The maximum penalty for rape is 16 years in jail.
If under aggravated circumstances, the maximum penalty
increases to 20 years.

-- D. Is prostitution legalized or decriminalized?
Specifically, are the activities of the prostitute
criminalized? Are the activities of the brothel
owner/operator, clients, pimps, and enforcers criminalized?
Are these laws enforced? If prostitution is legal and
regulated, what is the legal minimum age for this activity?
Note that in many countries with federalist systems,
prostitution laws may be covered by state, local, and
provincial authorities.

The law does not prohibit prostitution, but it does not
expressly legalize it. The GOI reports that it has not
criminalized the activities of the prostitute because,
according to government officials, it views the prostitute as
a victim. Minors below the age of 18 may not legally engage
in prostitution. NGOs claim the government does not enforce
this law.

The government has criminalized the activities of brothel
owners and operators, pimps and enforcers, all of whom profit
from prostitution through pandering for the purpose of
prostitution, causing a person to engage in one or more acts
of prostitution, maintaining premises for the purpose of
prostitution, and publicizing the prostitution services of
minors. The law permits publicizing the prostitution
services of adults under certain limited conditions. The law
does not establish a legal minimum age for prostitution and
does not distinguish between prostitution laws in local or
regional authorities. . The following list includes
relevant sections of the Penal Code and the maximum
punishments for each offense.

Section 199 and 199(b) - Pandering for the purpose of
prostitution: five years imprisonment and seven years when
the victim is a spouse or child.

Section 201 - Causing a person to perform an act of
prostitution: five years imprisonment.

Section 202 - Causing a person to engage in prostitution:
seven years imprisonment.

Section 203(b) - Causing a person to engage in prostitution
under aggravated circumstances: 16 years imprisonment.

Section 204 - Maintaining a place for the purpose of
prostitution: five years imprisonment.

During the year, the state attorney instructed the police and
prosecutors to address violations of these laws more
aggressively. NGOs say the previous instructions proved too
lenient, and that the police and prosecutors should play a
more active role in fighting the Israeli sex industry, which
produces demand for trafficked women.

NGOs also aver that enforcement of these laws differed from
region to region, depending on local initiative.

In 2005, the Knesset Committee on Trafficking stated its
support for the criminalization of clients of trafficked
women, and requested the Knesset's Research and Information
Center to disseminate a document providing background on
existing research in Israel and worldwide. In a Committee
session, the Attorney General stated that he will not rule
out the possibility of prosecuting clients, but that this
step requires a cautious process of legislation. He added
that the Committee must examine the effectiveness of
criminalization, and that the government must consider police
priorities and the limited resources available to the INP.

-- E. Has the Government prosecuted any cases against
traffickers? If so, provide numbers of investigations,
prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, including details
on plea bargains and fines, if relevant and available. Are
the traffickers serving the time sentenced: If no, why not?
Please indicate whether the government can provide this
information, and if not, why not? (Note: complete answers to
this section are essential. End Note)

-- Sex trafficking: In 2005, the police conducted 327
criminal investigations of trafficking in persons for the
purpose of prostitution, as well as related offences such as
pandering, causing a person to engage in prostitution,
soliciting prostitution, and kidnapping. The police arrested
78 people for trafficking in persons for the purpose of
prostitution and related offenses; the state detained 18 of
these suspects without bail until the conclusion of their
trials. The police conducted several raids on brothels,
mostly employing Israeli women. Police officials attribute
the general decrease in trafficking arrests at the border to
their heightened activity over the past two years.

The state attorney secured 31 convictions in trafficking and
related offences. In a noteworthy case, the judges sentenced
two defendants to 18 years and 10 years of imprisonment,
following their trial on charges of trafficking in persons
for the purpose of prostitution, false imprisonment,
pandering, rape and abduction in order to cause harm or for
sexual abuse. In another case, judges sentenced, through a
plea bargain, two defendants to 14 years and 10.5 years of
imprisonment, following their trial on charges of organized
crime, money laundering, causing a person the leave his
country for the purpose of engaging in prostitution,
trafficking in persons for the purpose of prostitution, and
inducement to prostitution under aggravated circumstances.

The state also won a significant case against a lawyer who
attempted to induce a victim to testify falsely to the
benefit of a trafficker. He was convicted on September 29.
GOI officials believe that this case provides a strong
deterrent to lawyers who seek to represent traffickers as
well as their victims. The de facto coordinator, the Hotline
for Migrant Workers, and the Israeli Bar Association's Status
of Women Committee have all asked the Ethics Committee of the
Bar Association to act against lawyers who represent both
traffickers and their victims. In response to the
coordinator,s request, members of the Ethics Committee of
the Bar Association held a special meeting in 2005, during
which they stated a clear policy that forbids lawyers from
engaging in this practice. In the future, lawyers who
represent both a trafficker and his/her victim will face
punishment from the Bar Association ranging from a reprimand,
to a fine, suspension, or disbarment.

The GOI and NGOs concur that convicted traffickers generally
serve their full time sentenced in jail.

NGO workers complain that a high number of trafficking cases
end in plea bargains.

-- Labor trafficking: During the year, the enforcement
division of the ITL Ministry reports that it collected from
employers wages owed to their foreign workers amounting to
approximately $839,038 (3,775,671 NIS). The division claims
it inspected 30,883 employers, revoked 227 permits allowing
employers to hire foreign workers, opened 4,227 files against
employers suspected of violating foreign worker employment
laws, and imposed 8,356 administrative fines on employers,
totaling $29,242,666 (131,592,000 NIS). Fined employers paid
a total of approximately $3,764,494 (16,940,226 NIS) directly
to the Foreign Workers' Department of the ITL Ministry, and
paid the Center for the Collection of Fines approximately
$3,296,512. In total, the government collected approximately
$7,061,006 (31,774,532 NIS),or 24 percent of the fines
issued. During a December 20 session of the Knesset
Committee on Foreign Workers, the head of the Foreign
Worker's Unit at the ITL Ministry stated, "The bottom line in
terms of enforcement is very depressing in regards to
collecting fines. In 2004 ) 2005, we handed out $48 million
(220 million NIS) in fines, and only $4.8 million (22 million
NIS) were actually collected." The GOI claims it failed to
collect sums owed mostly due to insufficient details provided
by foreign workers regarding the employer (only a first name,
for instance, or a city of residence),or due to the debtor's
financial state.

In 2005, the Crime Unit of the IA investigated 198 manpower
companies on suspicion of fraud relating to foreign workers.
The government revoked the hiring licenses of 12 of these
companies, and is in the process of revoking the licenses of
36 additional companies. It filed indictments in 133
cases. In one case, judges sentenced four defendants' to
terms ranging from seven to 13 months', plus a suspended
sentence, for aggravated assaulted of foreign workers under
their employment.

Also during the year, the enforcement division of the ITL
Ministry ITL Ministry filed 208 criminal indictments against
employers, including manpower companies, for violations of
labor laws. The division filed three additional indictments
due to violation of the foreign worker provisions of the
Minimum Wage Law of 1987. Between January and October, the
government won a total of 38 judgments against violators, and
imposed a total sum in criminal fines of approximately
$1,631,311. At the end of the year, the government did not
have data on the percentage of these fines collected.

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