Identifier
Created
Classification
Origin
06QUITO1434
2006-06-12 16:55:00
UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Embassy Quito
Cable title:  

ECUADOR READY FOR A FEMALE PRESIDENT?

Tags:  PGOV KDEM SCUL EC 
pdf how-to read a cable
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RHMFISS/CDR USSOUTHCOM MIAMI FL
UNCLAS QUITO 001434 

SIPDIS

SENSITIVE
SIPDIS

E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: PGOV KDEM SCUL EC
SUBJECT: ECUADOR READY FOR A FEMALE PRESIDENT?


UNCLAS QUITO 001434

SIPDIS

SENSITIVE
SIPDIS

E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: PGOV KDEM SCUL EC
SUBJECT: ECUADOR READY FOR A FEMALE PRESIDENT?



1. (SBU) Summary: Women in Ecuador have made significant
strides in politics in the last decade, with quotas helping
to give women opportunities to win public office and
contributing to a gradual change in societal attitudes. The
campaign of Cynthia Viteri, the only female presidential
pre-candidate, will test how far women leaders have come
here. Opinion is divided over whether she will be helped by
the fact of her gender, but all agree that being a woman
candidate is not a negative. Viteri's main weakness is her
perceived dependence on unpopular (male) Social Christian
Party (PSC) leaders. If she wins, Viteri will be severely
challenged, but no more so than her male counterparts. End
Summary.


2. (U) PolOff discussed the presidential candidacy of
Cynthia Viteri and the state of women in politics with
various Ecuadorians, including FLACSO university political
science professor Simon Pachano; former Congresswoman
Alexandra Vela; former Ambassador to Washington, Minister of
Trade, and 2002 presidential candidate Ivonne Baki; and
former Vice President and President-for-a-day Rosalia
Arteaga. Ecuador was the first country in South America to
give women the right to vote in 1929. None of those
interviewed thought there would be a strong negative reaction
to a female presidency. According to Baki, Ecuador had moved
beyond defining candidates in terms of gender; instead
Ecuadorians judged candidates on their capabilities.
Currently 17 Congress members are women (17%),two of fifteen
Cabinet ministers are women (Environment and Tourism) four of
22 prefects are women (5.5%),and there is one female boss of
a major political party.

Quotas Provide Female Politicians A Boost
--------------


3. (SBU) Women's political participation has been boosted by
a 2000 law requiring that the percentage of women candidates
gradually increase in each election until reaching 50 percent
in 2008. In the 2006 election, 45 percent of candidates must
be women. Ecuador has seen a sharp increase in the number of
women in Congress from an average of five from 1990 through
1997, to the current 17. The law also requires parties to
provide training to female candidates. Vela noted that of
the 17 women in Congress, few were visible or active, but

noted that Congress has few individual stars and votes are
generally dictated by party bosses. Though originally
skeptical, Baki credited quotas with gaining access for women
into the political arena where they have been able to prove
themselves. Arteaga agreed that while she did not benefit
from quotas during her political career, they have
subsequently created more political space to women than
otherwise would have been available.

Previous Female Presidency Short-Lived
--------------


4. (U) If Viteri wins, she will not be the country's first
female President. In 1997, then-VP Rosalia Arteaga assumed
the presidency for less than 24 hours after president Abdala
Bucaram was declared mentally incompetent by Congress.
Arteaga was subsequently replaced by president of Congress
Fabian Alarcon. Most agreed that Arteaga was passed over by
Congress less for being a woman than for her association with
discredited ex-president Bucaram. In 1998, Arteaga ran for
president, receiving just five percent of the vote. Noting
progress, Arteaga said that when she became Ecuador's first
female Minister of Education in 1994, the public reacted with
surprise and skepticism. "Today, no one is surprised when
women are named ministers."


5. (U) Other women have run for the job of chief of state.
Ivonne Baki, a former Ambassador to Washington ran for
president in 2002, receiving only 1.7 percent of the vote.
Baki takes consolation in the fact that she fared better in
that election than an ex-President (Hurtado) after having
been away from the Ecuadorian political scene while serving
as Ambassador to Washington, and after just two months of
campaigning. After Gutierrez won that election, Baki served
as his Minister of Trade.

Viteri's Gender Unlikely To Hurt Campaign
--------------


6. (U) Cynthia Viteri, 40, a two time Congresswoman and
former television journalist, is currently the Social
Christian Party's (PSC) pre-nominee for president. Recently,
Viteri stepped down as vice president of Congress in order to
pursue her campaign. In Congress, she gained visibility as
acting president in April 2005, swearing in President Alfredo
Palacio after Lucio Gutierrez' irregular ouster. Viteri is
currently the only female pre-candidate. Being a woman could
help her campaign; Pachano said it would help her to strike a
separate identity from the very strong personalities of PSC
party boss Leon Febres Cordero and popular Guayaquil mayor
Jaime Nebot (PSC). Her campaign uniform, all white, connotes
purity and anti-corruption, and being a woman adds to this
image. Viteri's campaign is also publicizing her presence at
the inauguration of Chilean President Michelle Bachelet.


7. (SBU) Viteri's party has not held the presidency since
1984-88, when Febres Cordero was president. In Pachano's
opinion, Viteri is the best candidate for the PSC as she
symbolizes a certain renovation for the party with a more
modern, less "Mafioso" image. Nevertheless, the baggage of
party boss Febres Cordero looms over Viteri. Febres Cordero
is nicknamed by many as the "owner of the country" and widely
believed to have the power to topple presidents through his
behind-the-scenes influence over various government
institutions and the PSC's sway (with 25 seats, the largest
bloc) in Congress.

Could She "Be Her Own Man"?
--------------


8. (SBU) The perception that she would not be able to make
her own decisions as President, and instead defer to party
boss Febres Cordero, is one of Viteri's main weaknesses as a
candidate. Viteri has made an effort in press interviews to
emphasize that she will be independent and make her own
decisions, yet many question her ability to do so. Pachano
believes Viteri could effectively position herself as
independent, but it will depend on whether PSC party leaders
are willing to allow this. Others do not believe Viteri
could ever be seen as independent of Febres Cordero. Vela
noted Viteri would always be on her cell phone (presumably
talking to Febres Cordero) before any vote in Congress.
Viteri will be granted a certain amount of autonomy by Febres
Cordero, but it is unlikely she will completely free herself
of his strong influence.

Personal History A Plus?
--------------


9. (U) Viteri has publicized the fact that she was an
adolescent mother, working to support herself and her
children. Pachano thought Viteri's personal hard-luck story
as an adolescent and working mother could help her. Women's
participation in the Ecuadorian work force has jumped from 27
percent in 1990 to 42 percent in 2004 and women head of
households has risen from 19 to 24 percent during the same
period; more working women may relate to Viteri's
experiences. Pachano believes Viteri does hold an appeal to
women voters and will capitalize on this with a female
discourse. Viteri publicly says she is "not a feminist, but
is a woman" in an attempt to not alienate male voters.


10. (U) Within a party considered to represent elite
"oligarchy", Viteri's life story could help her separate
herself from the elite associations of her party and Febres
Cordero and even achieve a sort of "outsider" status. Baki
also thought that being a woman was one of Viteri's main
campaign strengths. Before entering politics, Viteri was a
television journalist and is considered attractive.
Ironically, Pachano believes Viteri's good looks could hurt
her in that it may cause some voters to take her less
seriously. Others thought Viteri's experience with the media
would help her campaign.

Gender Unlikely To Affect Stability
--------------


11. (U) As a country that has seen three straight elected
Presidents removed from office before completing their terms
in recent years, most do not think a female presidency would
be any weaker. Pachano said that having a female president
would not make Ecuador any more unstable, as Ecuador had
structural instability. Baki believes the strength of women
politicians is their ability to work towards consensus. Baki
thinks that Viteri has already demonstrated the ability to
achieve consensus within her own party. All agree that in
the turbulent world of Ecuadorian politics, Viteri, if
elected will need to seek alliances and consensus in order to
have a chance at finishing a four year term.

Viteri Could Advance To Second Round
--------------


12. (U) Viteri is currently ranked second in early
presidential polling, after former Vice President Leon Roldos
and is nearly tied with Alvaro Noboa. Most voters remain
undecided, however. Viteri's chances to make it to the
second round runoff will depend in part on her choice of a
running mate. All agreed the best choice for Viteri would be
a highlander, with Pachano suggesting someone in the center
or center-left (to balance the center-right PSC). By
balancing the ticket, Viteri would boost her approval ratings
and credibility in the Sierra.

Comment
--------------


13. (SBU) Congress is in desperate need of new and capable
leaders, male and female. The quota increases for women have
helped bring new faces into the arena. The viability of
Viteri's presidential candidacy adds another real prospect
for women's political advancement. But victory is by no
means certain, and the Viteri campaign is cautiously
emphasizing unifying themes to attract cross-over voters,
preferring not to be seen as an overly feminist campaign.
Given the baggage that comes from her party, Viteri's gender
can only help distinguish her from discredited male PSC
leaders.
JEWELL