THE SIXTH ANNUAL ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP)

UNCLAS KINGSTON 000415

SIPDIS

STATE FOR WHA/CAR (BENT) AND INL/LP (BOZZOLO)
STATE ALSO FOR G/TIP (ETERNO)
STATE ALSO FOR WHA/PPC (PUCCETTI)

SIPDIS

E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: KCRM PHUM KWMN SMIG KFRD ASEC PREF ELAB JM
SUBJECT: THE SIXTH ANNUAL ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP)
REPORT - JAMAICA

Ref: SECSTATE 03836

This cable is sensitive but unclassified. Please handle
accordingly.

This message is in response to Reftel request for annual
reporting on trafficking in persons in Jamaica. Below are
posts responses to questions 21-24.


21. Overview of a country's activities to eliminate
trafficking in persons:

-- A. Is the country a country of origin, transit, or
destination for international trafficked men, women, or
children? Specify numbers for each group; how they were
trafficked, to where, and for what purpose. Does the
trafficking occur within the country's borders? Does it
occur in territory outside of the government's control (e.g.
in a civil war situation)? Are any estimates or reliable
numbers available as to the extent or magnitude of the
problem? Please include any numbers of victims. What is
(are) the source(s) of available information on trafficking
in persons or what plans are in place (if any) to undertake
documentation of trafficking? How reliable are the numbers
and these sources? Are certain groups of persons more at
risk of being trafficked (e.g. women and children, boys
versus girls, certain ethnic groups, refugees, etc.)?

Jamaica is suspected to be a country of internal trafficking
of children for sexual exploitation. The ILO estimated in
2001 that several hundred minors, both boys and girls, are
involved in Jamaica's sex trade, and that child pornography
involving trafficking victims is a concern on the island.
Victims of internal trafficking travel from rural areas to
urban and tourist centers, where they are thought to be
trafficked into prostitution. Jamaica is also a transit
country for illegal migrants moving to the U.S. and Canada,
some of whom are believed to be trafficking victims.

In addition, Jamaica is a destination for some foreign women
working in local strip clubs. Groups of women from the
Dominican Republic, Eastern Europe and Haiti, travel to
Jamaica to work in strip clubs. Based on information we
received from the Dominican Embassy to Jamaica, at least two
Dominican Women who came to Jamaica in 2005 were trafficking
victims.

Currently, the anti-TIP unit within the Jamaica Constabulary
Force (JCF) is charged with collecting data on trafficking
victims. However, other than the ILO estimate from 2001,
there are no comprehensive figures on the number of
trafficking victims here in Jamaica. In an effort to obtain
more comprehensive data on trafficking, on February 12,
2006, the Government of Jamaica (GOJ) issued a request for
proposals in the Jamaica Gleaner to "provide (1) a
comprehensive assessment of the scope of sexual exploitation
and trafficking in persons and (2) recommendations for how
to mainstream data gathering."

-- B. Please provide a general overview of the trafficking
situation in the country and any changes since the last TIP
Report (e.g. changes in direction). Also briefly explain
the political will to address trafficking in persons. Other
items to address may include: What kind of conditions are
the victims trafficked into? Which populations are targeted
by the traffickers? Who are the traffickers? What methods
are used to approach victims? (Are they offered lucrative
jobs, sold by their families, approached by friends of
friends, etc.?) What methods are used to move the victims
(e.g., are false documents being used?).

The problem does not appear to have been exacerbated in the
past year. Since the last annual TIP report, the GOJ
launched a yearlong education and awareness campaign. On
August 9, 2005, the government's TIP task force presented
Prime Minister P.J. Patterson with posters and bumper
stickers to be used in the yearlong awareness and education
campaign. Patterson used the opportunity to state that he
had established a team within the Cabinet Office to ensure
that trafficking would be eliminated from Jamaica.

On August 30, 2005, Minister of National Security Peter
Phillips spoke at the launch of the yearlong campaign and
stated that Jamaica should be at the forefront in the fight
against trafficking. However, since the launch of the
campaign in August no other significant public awareness
events or activities have taken place. According to the
government, several public events similar to the one that
took place in August have been scheduled, but due to the

elections on February 25, they were postponed. (Note: The
ruling People's National Party (PNP) held internal elections
for party leader to succeed Prime Minister P.J. Patterson on
February 25. Minister for Local Government, Community and
Sport Portia Simpson Miller was the winner. End note.)
Educational posters have been hung in government buildings,
including police stations throughout the island. The TIP
task force also plans to have the posters hung in various
strip clubs to target potential trafficking victims.

In 2005, at least four night clubs were closed down and
fifteen more raided where trafficking activities were
suspected to have occurred. Owners of the clubs were
arrested in two of these cases. One of the owners was
charged with operating beyond closing hours and the other
was charged with operating a brothel, employing a child in
prostitution and living off the earnings of prostitution.

The True Fantasy Night Club was one of the clubs raided in
2005 for suspected trafficking activities. Several days
after the club was raided, the Ministry of Labor issued work
permits to 19 Dominicans authorizing them to work in the
club as dancers and "coordinators." The TIP task force
investigated the issuance of visas to the Dominican women
and stated that the visas and work permits had been issued
legally. Since that time, however, the government has
suspended the issuance of visas to exotic dancers and the
Ministry of Labor must now send a list of applicants for
work permits to the JCF's anti-TIP unit for pre-screening
for potential trafficking.

Two previously identified assembly points for sourcing
Jamaican "exotic dancers", namely, the markets in Culloden
and Safari, were disrupted through police intervention and
remain dormant. No other assembly points have been
identified.

-- C. What are the limitations on the government's ability
to address this problem in practice? For example, is
funding for police or other institutions inadequate? Is
overall corruption a problem? Does the government lack the
resources to aid victims?

Corruption is a serious problem in Jamaica at all levels of
government, and the JCF is not generally effective in law
enforcement. Given the low level of education surrounding
the issue, a lack of awareness may be as likely as
corruption to cause local authorities to be complicit in or
to condone trafficking activities. To address this, members
of the JCF are being trained on the rights of the child as
provided for in the Child Care and Protection Act (2004),
and immigration officials now have the use of a passenger
entry and exit system to enhance efforts to detect
transnational trafficking.

The government is hampered in its efforts to combat
trafficking by insufficient resources and competing
priorities. Staffing and funding are inadequate for the
police force and the judiciary, and corruption is
widespread. Violent crime is at its highest rate in the
country's history. Human rights groups identified
systematically poor investigative procedures and weak
oversight mechanisms within the police force. The
government also lacks resources to aid victims. As a result
of limited funding there are no government shelters for
domestic violence victims or adult trafficking victims.
Child trafficking victims determined to be in need of care
are eligible to be housed at government-run "places of
safety".

-- D. To what extent does the government systematically
monitor its anti-trafficking efforts (on all fronts --
prosecution, prevention and victim protection) and
periodically make available, publicly or privately and
directly or through regional/international organizations,
its assessments of these anti-trafficking efforts?

The TIP task force monitors its anti-trafficking efforts on
a monthly basis. The TIP task force has stated that it
plans to prepare a report on its efforts that would be made
available to the public and international organizations if
requested. The government exchanges information with
persons in various embassies and high commissions.


22. PREVENTION:

-- A. Does the government acknowledge that trafficking is a
problem in that country? If no, why not?

Yes. In 2005, the Prime Minister and Minister of National
Security both stated publicly that trafficking is a problem
that the government must work to combat.

-- B. Which government agencies are involved in anti-
trafficking efforts and which agency, if any, has the lead?

The government has established a TIP task force made up of
persons from a variety of ministries, including persons from
the Ministry of National Security, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Foreign Trade, the Prime Minister's Cabinet
Office, and the Planning Institute of Jamaica. This task
force has the lead on TIP issues.

-- C. Are there, or have there been, government-run anti-
trafficking information or education campaigns? If so,
briefly describe the campaign(s),including their objectives
and effectiveness. Do these campaigns target potential
trafficking victims and/or the demand for trafficking (e.g.
"clients" of prostitutes or beneficiaries of forced labor).

See 21 (B).

-- D. Does the government support other programs to prevent
trafficking? (e.g., to promote women's participation in
economic decision-making or efforts to keep children in
school.) Please explain.

Yes. The government has a social policy goal of 100 percent
school attendance by school-aged children. In an effort to
achieve this goal, the government has a Program for
Advancement Through Heath and Education which provides
subsidies to certain households as long as the children
maintain an 85% attendance rate.

-- F. What is the relationship between government officials,
NGOs, other relevant organizations and other elements of
civil society on the trafficking issue?

The TIP task force meets monthly with NGOs such as Women's
Inc., the Association of Women's Organizations of Jamaica
and Jamaican Youth for Christ to discuss anti-trafficking
efforts.

-- G. Does it monitor immigration and emigration patterns
for evidence of trafficking? Do law enforcement agencies
screen for potential trafficking victims along borders?

Immigration and law enforcement officers at the country's
two international airports have been sensitized and trained
to identify potential trafficking victims. According to the
government, their intelligence community has been
specifically tasked to identify any potential traffickers.

Joint awareness workshops have been conducted among agencies
such as Immigration, the Organized Crime Investigation
Division of the JCF and members of the JCF's anti-TIP unit
with representatives from various Embassies and High
Commissions. The Immigration Department and representatives
of the Ministry of Labor were sensitized to trafficking so
they are aware of potential trafficking when issuing work
permits and visas.

-- H. Is there a mechanism for coordination and
communication between various agencies, internal,
international, and multilateral on trafficking- related
matters, such as a multi- agency working group or a task
force? Does the government have a trafficking in persons
working group or single point of contact? Does the
government have a public corruption task force?

The government's TIP task force is charged with coordinating
and communicating with various agencies. The government has
a Corruption Prevention Commission charged with ensuring
that any civil employees that are required to file a
financial disclosure statement, do so.

-- J. Does the government have a national plan of action to
address trafficking in persons? If so, which agencies were
involved in developing it? Were NGOs consulted in the
process? What steps has the government taken to disseminate
the action plan?

The government has stated that it has a national plan and
that the following steps have been taken to reach the goals
outlined in the plan:
-- A Children's Advocate has been appointed and the Child
Advocate's office that was established under the Child Care
and Protection Act is being staffed;

-- A children's registry to be maintained by the Child
Development Agency for the reporting of abuses against
children has been drafted and is being circulated for
consultation;
-- Consultants have been invited to undertake a study of the
scope of trafficking, to provide training for front-line
workers and for developing material for training;
-- The government, in conjunction with the International
Organization for Migration (IOM),will conduct another round
of training to be undertaken with government officials and
other professionals;
-- The review of the work permit system is in progress by a
Work Permit Advisory Committee;
-- The JCF's anti-TIP unit is represented on the Work Permit
advisory Committee;
-- The Ministry of Labor has increased the number of
investigators for work permits;
-- Work permits to exotic dancers have been suspended;
-- The Ministry of Labor must now send the list of proposed
applicants for work permits to the JFC's anti-TIP unit for
screening for potential trafficking;
-- Recruitment agencies are being monitored and illegal
operators are being prosecuted;
-- The Child Labor Unit is implementing the National Plan of
Action for addressing children in labor;
-- A public forum similar to the one held in August 2005 is
scheduled to be held in Montego Bay in March 2006.



23. INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF TRAFFICKERS:

For questions A-D, posts should highlight in particular
whether or not the country has enacted any new legislation
since the last TIP report.

-- A. Does the country have a law specifically prohibiting
trafficking in persons--both trafficking for sexual
exploitation and trafficking for non-sexual purposes (e.g.
forced labor)? If so, what is the law? Does the law(s)
cover both internal and external (transnational) forms of
trafficking? If not, under what other laws can traffickers
be prosecuted? For example, are there laws against slavery
or the exploitation of prostitution by means of coercion or
fraud? Are these other laws being used in trafficking
cases? Are these laws, taken together, adequate to cover
the full scope of trafficking in persons? Please provide a
full inventory of trafficking laws, including civil
penalties, (e.g., civil forfeiture laws and laws against
illegal debt).

The Child Care and Protection Act of 2004 specifically
states that "[n]o person shall sell or participate in the
trafficking of any child." A child, in this case, is
defined as anyone under the age of 18. However, the country
does not have a specific law against trafficking of adults.
The Chief Parliamentary Council is drafting instructions for
new trafficking legislation designed to protect adults from
trafficking. Once the Chief Parliamentary Council has
completed this process, it will submit its proposal to
Parliament to be passed into law.

Other laws that can be used in the prosecution of
traffickers include the Offences Against the Person Act.
This law criminalizes the abduction of a woman of any age
"to engage in sexual acts.or cause her to have sex with
someone else." It further prohibits transnational movement
of women for purposes of prostitution, detention of a woman
or girl against her will for prostitution, knowingly living
from the earnings of prostitution, and managing a brothel.
The maximum sentence for living off the earnings of
prostitution is two years, and for the other offences the
maximum sentence is three years. Section 70 of this Act
also specifically prohibits kidnapping a person to "cause
[that person] to be unlawfully sent or transported out of
Jamaica against [their] will," or "to hold [that person] for
service" against their will. The maximum sentence under
section 70 is life imprisonment.

Under the Foreign Nationals and Commonwealth Citizens
(Employment) Act, foreign citizens must have a valid work
permit in order to be employed, or face a fine of USD 200 or
six months imprisonment, or both. This work permit must be
shown on demand to responsible authorities, such as
immigration officials or police officers. Failure to do so
carries a fine of USD 50 or three months imprisonment. The
GOJ can also potentially prosecute traffickers under the
Recruiting of Workers Act, which requires that a person have
a license in order to recruit workers, and prohibits the
recruitment of persons under the age of eighteen (Children

aged sixteen to eighteen may engage in "light work" with the
consent of their parents, although the act does not specify
what constitutes "light.")

Jamaica has no civil forfeiture laws.

-- B. What are the penalties for traffickers of people for
sexual exploitation? For traffickers of people for labor
exploitation?

Under the Child Care and Protection Act the penalty for
selling or trafficking a child for any reason is a fine
and/or a maximum imprisonment of 10 years with hard labor.

-- C. What are the penalties for rape or forcible sexual
assault? How do they compare to the penalty for sex
trafficking?

Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal and carries a
penalty of up to 25 years' imprisonment with hard labor.
There is currently no law against trafficking an adult for
sexual exploitation.

-- D. Is prostitution legalized or decriminalized?
Specifically, are the activities of the prostitute
criminalized? Are the activities of the brothel
owner/operator, clients, pimps, and enforcers criminalized?
Are these laws enforced? If prostitution is legal and
regulated, what is the legal minimum age for this activity?
Note that in many countries with federalist systems,
prostitution laws may be covered by state, local, and
provincial authorities.

Prostitution is illegal. It is also illegal to own/operate
a brothel.

-- E. Has the Government prosecuted any cases against
traffickers? If so, provide numbers of investigations,
prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, including details
on plea bargains and fines, if relevant and available. Are
the traffickers serving the time sentenced: If no, why not?
Please indicate whether the government can provide this
information, and if not, why not? (Note: complete answers
to this section are essential. End Note)

The government has charged the owner and operator of
"Compliments" Night Club and Massage Parlor with operating a
brothel, employing a child in prostitution and living off
the earnings of prostitution. The case is scheduled to go
to trial on March 24, 2006.

The owner of "Players" Night Club was convicted and fined
for operating beyond closing hours, which is a breach of the
Spirit License Act. The owner has paid the fine. The
government stated that there are currently six other cases
under investigation for potential trafficking-related
offences.

-- F. Is there any information or reports of who is behind
the trafficking? For example, are the traffickers freelance
operators, small crime groups, and/or large international
organized crime syndicates? Are employment, travel, and
tourism agencies or marriage brokers fronting for
traffickers or crime groups to trafficked individuals? Are
government officials involved? Are there any reports of
where profits from trafficking in persons are being
channeled? (e.g. armed groups, terrorist organizations,
judges, banks, etc.)

There are no reports on who is behind trafficking.
Traffickers are suspected to be club operators and
"businessmen" working in tandem with individuals in source
countries to traffic females to be exotic dancers and sex
trade workers. There is no information regarding where
profits are being channeled.

-- G. Does the government actively investigate cases of
trafficking? (Again, the focus should be on trafficking
cases versus migrant smuggling cases.) Does the government
use active investigative techniques in trafficking in
persons investigations? To the extent possible under
domestic law, are techniques such as electronic
surveillance, undercover operations, and mitigated
punishment or immunity for cooperating suspects used by the
government? Does the criminal procedure code or other laws
prohibit the police from engaging in covert operations?

Techniques such as electronic surveillance and undercover
operations are used in investigating cases of trafficking.

The Director of Public Prosecutions can utilize the
provisions of the Plea-Bargaining/Pleas Legislation Act to
reduce punishment for cooperating suspects.

-- H. Does the government provide any specialized training
for government officials in how to recognize, investigate,
and prosecute instances of trafficking?

The IOM, in conjunction with the government, has conducted
training of police officers, immigration officers and other
government employees to teach them skills to recognize and
investigate trafficking. New JCF recruits receive
trafficking sensitization training as part of their initial
training.

According to the GOJ, the Director of Public Prosecutions
has not received any requests for assistance or cooperation
related to trafficking.

--I. Does the government cooperate with other governments in
the investigation and prosecution of trafficking cases? If
possible, can post provide the number of cooperative
international investigations on trafficking?

The government conducted joint investigations with the
authorities from the Canadian High Commission and
authorities from Hong Kong involving a case of potential
trafficking or alien smuggling of individuals from Hong Kong
to Jamaica on their way to Canada. The individuals were
returned to Hong Kong.

-- J. Does the government extradite persons who are charged
with trafficking in other countries? If so, can post
provide the number of traffickers extradited? Does the
government extradite its own nationals charged with such
offenses? If not, is the government prohibited by law form
extraditing its own nationals? If so, what is the
government doing to modify its laws to permit the
extradition of its own nationals?

No. The government has not received any extradition
requests for persons charged with trafficking. Jamaica
maintains an extradition agreement with the United States.
The government generally extradites its own nationals and
nationals of other countries.

-- K. Is there evidence of government involvement in or
tolerance of trafficking, on a local or institutional level?
If so, please explain in detail.

There is some concern that corrupt immigration officials may
facilitate the unauthorized international movement of
people. Post has no concrete evidence of this. The new
entry/exit system installed at both international airports
should help address this problem.

-- L. If government officials are involved in trafficking,
what steps has the government taken to end such
participation? Have any government officials been
prosecuted for involvement in trafficking or trafficking-
related corruption? Have any been convicted? What actual
sentence was imposed? Please provide specific numbers, if
available.

No government officials have been arrested for involvement
in trafficking.

-- M. If the country has an identified child sex tourism
problem (as source or destination),how many foreign
pedophiles has the government prosecuted or deported/
extradited to their country of origin? Does the country's
child sexual abuse laws have extraterritorial coverage (like
the U.S. PROTECT Act)?

The Government has not prosecuted any foreigners for any
sexual relations/contact with a minor. No foreign
pedophiles have been prosecuted, deported or extradited.
The Child Care and Protection Act and the Offences Against
Persons Act cannot be applied extraterritorially. The child
sexual abuse laws can be applied extraterritorially in
certain situations.

-- N. Has the government signed, ratified, and/or taken
steps to implement the following international instruments?
Please provide the date of signature/ratification if
appropriate.

--ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and
immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of

child labor.

Ratified 13 October 2003

--ILO Convention 29 and 105 on forced or compulsory
labor.

Ratified 26 December 1962

--The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC) on the sale of children, child
prostitution, and child pornography.

Signed 8 September 2000, not yet ratified.

--The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children,
supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational
Organized Crime.

Signed 13 February 2002, not yet ratified.


24. PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS:

-- A. Does the government assist victims, for example, by
providing temporary to permanent residency status, relief
from deportation, shelter and access to legal, medical and
psychological services? If so, please explain. Does the
country have victim care and victim health care facilities?
If so, can post provide the number of victims placed in
these care facilities?

The Ministry of National Security's Victim Support Unit
provides assistance to victims of crimes by providing
counseling, medical, psychological services and legal
advice. There is no government shelter for adult victims of
trafficking; however, the JCF reports that the demand for
shelters is not high and they have only utilized temporary
shelters at hotels on three occasions. Child victims of
trafficking may be placed in one of the "places of safety"
operated by the Child Development Agency.

The TIP task force is recommending expanding the services
offered to victims to make those services consistent with
the scope of protection recommended under the Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons. The
TIP task force has recommended that the expanded services
include employment, educational and training opportunities,
and the possibility of allowing temporary or permanent
residence.

-- B. Does the government provide funding or other forms of
support to foreign or domestic NGOs for services to victims?
Please explain.

No.

-- C. Is there a screening and referral process in place,
when appropriate, to transfer victims detained, arrested or
placed in protective custody by law enforcement authorities
to NGO's that provide
short- or long-term care?

The Victim Support Unit provides care to victims of crimes.
The services include counseling, court support,
psychological assessment and re-connecting with their
families. In some cases a victim may be referred to the
shelter operated by the NGO Women's Inc. for short term
care. No trafficking victims have yet been referred to
Women's Inc. and since Women's Inc. has some hesitation in
accepting trafficking victims due to security issues, it is
not clear whether the shelter would accept a trafficking
victim. Minors may be referred to the "places of safety".
The Glenhope Place of Safety has been recently refurbished
and its capacity expanded from 50 to 80 persons. (Is there
a formal referral system in place?)

-- D. Are the rights of victims respected, or are victims
also treated as criminals? Are victims detained, jailed, or
deported? If detained or jailed, for how long? Are
victims fined? Are victims prosecuted for violations of
other laws, such as those governing immigration or
prostitution?

Potential trafficking victims have been arrested, charged
and convicted of various offences, including: indecent
exposure; being found on club premises during closing hours;
breaches of the Sprit License Act; immigration violations;
employment without a valid work permit; loitering; forgery;

and holding a forged passport. The persons convicted have
been ordered to pay fines but have not been ordered to serve
jail time. Some of the persons convicted have been
deported.

-- E. Does the government encourage victims to assist in the
investigation and prosecution of trafficking? May victims
file civil suits or seek legal action against the
traffickers? Does anyone impede the victims' access to such
legal redress? If a victim is a material witness in a court
case against the former employer, is the victim permitted to
obtain other employment or to leave the country? Is there a
victim restitution program?

Victims of criminal offences can file civil suit for damages
to the extent that there is an equivalent tort. There have
been no court cases where a victim has testified against the
former employer, so it is unclear whether a victim would be
allowed to obtain other employment or leave the country.
There is no victim restitution program.

-- F. What kind of protection is the government able to
provide for victims and witnesses? Does it provide these
protections in practice? What type of shelter or services
does the government provide? Does it provide shelter or any
other benefits to victims for housing or other resources in
order to aid the victims in rebuilding their lives? Where
are child victims placed (e.g. in shelters, foster-care type
systems or juvenile justice detention centers)?

The government operates a witness protection program. With
respect to the provision of shelters and victims support
services see 24 (A).

-- G. Does the government provide any specialized training
for government officials in recognizing trafficking and in
the provision of assistance to trafficked victims, including
the special needs of trafficked children? Does the
government provide training on protections and assistance to
its embassies and consulates in foreign countries that are
destination or transit countries? Does it urge those
embassies and consulates to develop ongoing relationships
with NGOs that serve trafficked victims?

In conjunction with the IOM, sensitization sessions have
been held for government officials. Sensitization sessions
are also being held with Jamaican Embassy staff. A "train-
the-trainers" program that will be run in conjunction with
the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) will provide
further training to staff in Jamaican Embassies and
Consulates worldwide. No protocol has been developed for
relationships for NGOs that serve trafficking victims.

-- H. Does the government provide assistance, such as
medical aid, shelter, or financial help, to its repatriated
nationals who are victims of trafficking?

There have been no cases of repatriated nationals who are
victims of trafficking.

-- I. Which international organizations or NGOs, if any,
work with trafficking victims? What type of services do
they provide? What sort of cooperation do they receive from
local authorities?

Women's Inc. has a shelter for domestic violence victims
that may be used by trafficking victims, but as mentioned
above, security concerns have meant that no trafficked
individuals have yet been sheltered at this location. While
lack of political will is not an issue, GOJ consistently
faces budgetary constraints that hamper training efforts and
additional enforcement.

TIGHE