GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL ASSEMBLY LEADERSHIP CHANGES TO FOLLOW SHAKE-UP IN SENIOR COMMUNIST PARTY RANKS

C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 01 OF 04 HANOI 001020

SIPDIS

STATE FOR EAP, EAP/BCLTV, DRL, INR
STATE ALSO FOR EB/ODF, EB/OMA, EB/OIA
STATE ALSO PASS USTR
NSC FOR EAST ASIAN DIRECTORATE
SECDEF FOR ISA/EAP STERN
CONFIDENTIAL

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TREASURY FOR OASIA

E.O. 12958: DECL: 2/27/2011
TAGS: PGOV PREL ECON PINR VM DPOL
SUBJECT: GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL ASSEMBLY LEADERSHIP CHANGES TO FOLLOW SHAKE-UP IN SENIOR COMMUNIST PARTY RANKS

REF: A) HANOI 985 B) HANOI 965 C) HANOI 952


1. (U) CLASSIFIED BY POLITICAL COUNSELOR JAMES BRUNO;
REASONS 1.5 (B) AND (D).


2. (C) SUMMARY: THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SESSION EXPECTED TO
BEGIN MAY 21 OR 22 WILL UNVEIL A NEW ASSEMBLY CHAIRPERSON,
LIKELY CPV ORGANIZATIONAL CHIEF AN. IT MAY ALSO GIVE CLUES
AS TO THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF RISING SOUTHERN REFORMERS
NGUYEN MINH TRIET AND NGUYEN TAN DUNG, ONE OF WHOM COULD BE
TELEGRAPHED AS KHAI'S HEIR APPARENT AS PRIME MINISTER. A
HANDFUL OF MINISTERS ARE EXPECTED TO BE REPLACED, SINCE
SEVERAL DROPPED FROM THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE. THE ROLE OF
THE PARTY SECRETARIAT WILL ALSO BE CLARIFIED OVER THE NEXT
MONTHS, AS WE SEE WHETHER TRADE MINISTER VU KHOAN WILL
RETAIN HIS MINISTRY POST OR PERHAPS BE NAMED AS A DEPUTY PM.
MORE WIDE-RANGING CHANGES IN THE GOVERNMENT, HOWEVER, ARE
EXPECTED TO TAKE PLACE IN JULY 2002 FOLLOWING NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS NEXT SPRING. END SUMMARY.

AN EXPECTED TO HEAD NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BEGINNING IN MAY
-------------- --------------


3. (C) THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IS EXPECTED TO OPEN MAY 21 OR
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22 FOR ITS MONTH-LONG SPRING SESSION, ACCORDING TO A KEY
SENIOR STAFFER AT THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (STRICTLY PROTECT).
THE FULL ASSEMBLY MEMBERSHIP WILL MEET MAY 20 IN AN
INFORMAL PRE-SESSION TO SET THE AGENDA FOR THE TERM. (OUR
CONTACT WOULD NOT CONFIRM POLOFF'S QUERY THAT ASSEMBLY
MEMBERS MIGHT BE "BRIEFED" AT THIS TIME ON THE CPV'S
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND GOVERNMENT
LEADERSHIP CHANGES.) THE MAIN FORMAL BUSINESS OF THIS
SPRING SESSION WILL BE LAWMAKING, AND THE ASSEMBLY HAS A
FULL DOCKET, WITH AMENDMENTS BEING DEBATED TO THE LABOR
CODE AND THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, AND NEW LAWS ON
PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE, FIRE-FIGHTING, AND
TRAFFIC AND HIGHWAYS. (NOTE: THE AMENDMENTS TO THE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, ABOUT WHICH WE WILL REPORT FURTHER
SEPTEL, WILL CONSIDER, AMONG OTHER THINGS, LIMITING THE
ALLOWABLE TIME AND SIMPLIFYING PROCEDURES FOR DETENTION OF
SUSPECTS, AND SHORTENING THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PERIOD
BEFORE A PERSON MUST GO TO TRIAL AFTER ARREST. END NOTE.)


4. (C) THE BIGGEST TOPIC OF INTEREST IN THE MAY-JUNE
SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY WILL BE WHICH GOVERNMENT AND
ASSEMBLY LEADERSHIP CHANGES WILL BE ANNOUNCED. CPV
ORGANIZATIONAL AFFAIRS CHIEF NGUYEN VAN AN, WHO WAS THE
RUNNER-UP TO NONG DUC MANH FOR GENERAL SECRETARY, IS
EXPECTED TO BE ELECTED AS MANH'S SUCCESSOR AT THE ASSEMBLY,
ACCORDING TO THE ASSEMBLY STAFFER. MANH WILL OPEN THE
ASSEMBLY SESSION AND PRESIDE OVER THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
STANDING COMMITTEE MEETING PRECEDING IT MAY 14-19,
ACCORDING TO THE STAFFER, AND AN LIKELY WILL BE ELECTED
"DURING THE MIDDLE OF THE SESSION." (NOTE: AFTER THE
STAFFER MET WITH POLOFF APRIL 27, HE WAS GOING TO A
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"FAREWELL MEETING" MANH WAS HAVING WITH HIS LONG-TIME STAFF
AT THE ASSEMBLY. END NOTE.)


5. (SBU) ONE OF THE MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MANH'S
SUCCESSOR WILL BE PREPARING FOR VIETNAM'S YEAR-LONG
LEADERSHIP OF THE ASEAN INTER-PARLIAMENTARY ORGANIZATION
(AIPO) BEGINNING IN SEPTEMBER. THIS WILL BE VIETNAM'S
FIRST TIME HEADING AIPO, AND LIKE THE COUNTRY'S INITIAL
VENTURE INTO THE ASEAN PRESIDENCY, THE ORGANIZATIONAL
DEMANDS WILL BE SIGNIFICANT. (COMMENT: FROM THIS VANTAGE
POINT, AN'S EXPERIENCE HONED OVER THE PAST YEAR IN HIS CPV
ORGANIZATIONAL POST COULD BE A REASON HE WOULD BE TABBED
FOR THIS JOB. END COMMENT.) THE CONSTITUENT COMMITTEES OF
AIPO MEET DURING THE YEAR, CULMINATING IN THE ANNUAL SUMMIT
TO BE HELD IN HANOI IN SEPTEMBER 2003.

SOME GOVERNMENT CHANGES NOW, MORE NEXT YEAR
--------------


6. (C) BECAUSE OF CHANGES MADE IN THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
RANKINGS ANNOUNCED AT THE CPV CONGRESS, A NUMBER OF
GOVERNMENTAL CHANGES ARE EXPECTED TO BE ANNOUNCED AT THE
ASSEMBLY. SOME OF THESE CHANGES APPEAR EVIDENT. FOR
EXAMPLE, SEVERAL MINISTERS, SUCH AS THOSE FOR THE
MINISTRIES OF PLANNING AND INVESTMENT (MPI),JUSTICE,
CONSTRUCTION, INDUSTRY, AND TRANSPORTATION, WERE NOT
ELECTED TO THE NEW CENTRAL COMMITTEE, WHILE THEIR DEPUTIES
WERE. THIS CLEARLY PRESAGES THEIR REPLACEMENT, THOUGH SOME
SOURCES SUGGEST THAT A COUPLE OF THEM MIGHT SURVIVE UNTIL

2002. MPI MINISTER GIA, WHO WAS CRITICIZED BY THE CENTRAL
COMMITTEE LAST YEAR, REPORTEDLY WILL BE REPLACED. THE
ASSEMBLY STAFFER SAYS JUSTICE MINISTER LOC IS EXPECTED TO
GO TO TAKE A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY POST (LIKELY HEADING THE
JUSTICE COMMITTEE) WHILE HIS DEPUTY, UONG CHU LUU, MOVES
UP. (HE DESCRIBES LUU AS A YOUNGER, IMPRESSIVE LAWYER WHO
HAS MADE A NAME FOR HIMSELF HEADING UP CHANGES TO THE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE.) INTERESTINGLY, BOTH GIA AND
MINISTER OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MOSTE) NHA, WHO
NORMALLY ARE AMONG THE MOST SOCIALLY OMNIPRESENT MINISTERS,
WERE NOT AT THE MANH-HOSTED RECEPTION FOLLOWING HIS
ANNOUNCEMENT APRIL 22.


7. (C) DEPUTY PM NGUYEN MANH CAM TOLD THE AUSTRALIANS AFTER
THE PARTY CONGRESS THAT THOUGH HE WAS NO LONGER A MEMBER OF
THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, HE WOULD NOT RETIRE FROM GOVERNMENT
UNTIL 2002, FOLLOWING ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS AND PROMULGATION
OF A NEW CONSTITUTION (SEE FURTHER BELOW). CAM TOLD THE
AUSTRALIANS HE HOPED FOR VIETNAM TO ENTER THE WTO BEFORE
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HIS RETIREMENT.


8. (C) IN ADDITION, OTHER GOVERNMENT POSTS NEED TO BE
FILLED. MINISTER OF CULTURE AND INFORMATION NGUYEN KHOA
DIEM MOVED UP TO THE POLITBURO, AND HE IS EXPECTED TO HEAD
UP CPV IDEOLOGICAL AFFAIRS. MOVING IN THE OTHER DIRECTION,
MINISTER OF SPORTS HA QUANG DU AND MINISTRY OF ETHNIC
MINORITY AFFAIRS HOANG DUC NGHI WERE CENSURED BY THE
CENTRAL COMMITTEE AND ARE EXPECTED TO RETIRE.


9. (C) IN THE NEW CENTRAL COMMITTEE LINEUP (WITH 150 SEATS
AS OPPOSED TO 170),MOST MINISTRIES ARE NOW REPRESENTED BY
ONLY ONE MEMBER. DESPITE A DROP IN PRESTIGE AT SENIOR
LEVELS (WITH ONLY ONE MILITARY MEMBER IN THE POLITBURO),
DEFENSE RETAINED 10 PERCENT OF THE SEATS IN THE CENTRAL
COMMITTEE (15),WHILE PUBLIC SECURITY (4),AGRICULTURE AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT (2),FINANCE (2) AND EDUCATION AND
TRAINING (2) ALSO HAVE MULTIPLE SEATS. SOME MINISTRIES ARE
NOT REPRESENTED IN THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, INCLUDING MOSTE,
SPORTS AND MINORITY AFFAIRS.


10. (C) TO OUR KNOWLEDGE THIS IS THE FIRST TIME IN MEMORY
THAT MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS HAS ONLY ONE FORMAL
REPRESENTATIVE, MINISTER NIEN, SINCE VICE MINISTER BIN WAS
DROPPED. (HOWEVER, CAREER DIPLOMAT AND CURRENT MINISTER OF
TRADE VU KHOAN ALSO MAINTAINED HIS SEAT IN THE CENTRAL
COMMITTEE, AND AS NOTED REFTELS, HAS NEW PROMINENCE AND
CLOUT THROUGH THE CPV SECRETARIAT.) OUR SOURCES SUGGEST
BIN WILL RETAIN HIS POSITION AT MFA, INCLUDING HIS ROLE
DEALING WITH OVERSEAS VIETNAMESE. BIN'S DROP FROM THE
CENTRAL COMMITTEE MAY BE DUE TO THE TIGHTER "NUMBERS GAME"
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WITH A SMALLER CENTRAL COMMITTEE. (NOTE: AMBASSADOR TO THE
U.S. LE BANG, WHO ATTENDED THE CONGRESS, WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL
IN HIS HOPE TO MAKE THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE. DURING THE
CONGRESS' CLOSING SESSION HE SAT WITH SOME OTHER DELEGATES
IN THE BALCONY, WHICH IS WHERE FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC OBSERVERS
SAT.)

ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS IN 2002 WILL BRING FURTHER CHANGES
-------------- --------------


11. (C) IN LATE APRIL (OR PERHAPS EARLY MAY NEXT YEAR)
NATION-WIDE ELECTIONS WILL BE HELD TO ELECT A NEW 450-
MEMBER NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR THE BODY'S 11TH SESSION,
ACCORDING TO THE ASSEMBLY STAFFER WITH WHOM WE SPOKE
(PROTECT). THE ELECTION ITSELF WILL BE HELD ON A SUNDAY,
POSSIBLY APRIL 28, THOUGH THIS WILL BE FINALIZED BY THE
ASSEMBLY'S STANDING COMMITTEE LATER THIS YEAR OR EARLY
NEXT. THE PRE-ELECTION PERIOD WILL RUN ROUGHLY THREE
MONTHS, RUNNING FROM FORMAL VETTING OF CANDIDATES BY THE
VIETNAM FATHERLAND FRONT, CAMPAIGNING IN LOCAL DISTRICTS BY
CANDIDATES BEFORE SELECTED GROUPS OF VOTERS, AND THEN
NATION-WIDE BALLOTING IN POLLING STATIONS AROUND THE
COUNTRY. THE STAFFER CONFIRMED THE PROCESS WOULD BE
SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE PEOPLE'S COUNCIL ELECTIONS OF 18
MONTHS AGO, WHICH POLOFFS WITNESSED AT VARIOUS POLLING
STATIONS (SEPTELS). (COMMENT: IN THAT BALLOTING, THERE WAS
NO TRANSPARENCY IN COUNTING AND TALLYING OF VOTES, AND THUS
NO CHECK ON THE CPV'S MANIPULATION OF THE FINAL TALLIES. A
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PEOPLE'S COUNCIL ELECTION RESULTS
IN HANOI BY EMBOFFS STRONGLY SUGGESTED THE RESULTS WERE
DOCTORED, GIVEN THE RECURRENT PATTERNS IN VOTE TOTALS IN
DISTRICTS THROUGHOUT THE CITY. END COMMENT.)


12. (C) AFTER THE NEW NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IS ELECTED NEXT
YEAR, IT LIKELY WILL MEET IN ITS FIRST SESSION IN JULY
2002, ACCORDING TO THE ASSEMBLY STAFFER. THIS WOULD LIKELY
BE THE TIME WHEN A NEW PRIME MINISTER WOULD BE NAMED TO
REPLACE PHAN VAN KHAI. NUMEROUS SOURCES SUGGEST THAT HCMC
PARTY BOSS NGUYEN MINH TRIET IS THE LEADING CANDIDATE FOR
THE POST, GIVEN HIS STRONG SUPPORT AMONG SOUTHERNERS AND
REFORMERS IN THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE. THE OTHER PROMINENT
CANDIDATE, ALSO MENTIONED FREQUENTLY, IS FIRST DEPUTY PRIME
MINISTER DUNG. ONE CPV-CONNECTED SOURCE TOLD US DUNG
LIKELY WILL BENEFIT FROM THE RETIREMENT OF SOME OF THE OLD
GUARD, INCLUDING SENIOR ADVISORS, AT THE PARTY CONGRESS
(REFS A AND B). DUNG REPORTEDLY MADE ENEMIES AMONG SOME OF
THE OLDER MEMBERS BY HIS "OUTSPOKEN" AND SOMETIMES SOMEWHAT
"INDEPENDENT" ACTIONS; ACCORDING TO THIS SOURCE, DUNG WAS
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NOT SEEN AS SUFFICIENTLY DEFERENTIAL TO SOME OF THE CPV
ELDERS. NOW THAT THEY NO LONGER HAVE SENIOR RANK, HE MAY
FLOURISH. (NOTE: CPV ECONOMIC COMMISSION CHAIRMAN TRUONG
TAN SANG ALSO CANNOT BE COUNTED OUT, THOUGH AS REF A NOTED,
ALLEGATIONS OF CORRUPTION APPEAR TO HAVE PLACED HIM
SOMEWHAT ON THE DEFENSIVE FOR THE TIME BEING.)


13. (C) AT THE EXPECTED JULY 2002 ASSEMBLY SESSION, THERE
ARE EXPECTED TO BE WIDESPREAD CHANGES IN THE GOVERNMENT AND
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AS WELL. THE STAFFER SUGGESTED THAT
MANH'S SUCCESSOR AS ASSEMBLY CHAIRMAN, PRESUMABLY AN, COULD
SERVE ONLY ONE YEAR IN THE POST, PERHAPS BEING REPLACED IN

2002. AT THAT TIME, NEW STANDING COMMITTEES AND A NEW
LEADERSHIP LINEUP IN THE ASSEMBLY WOULD BE NAMED.

THE ROLE OF THE SECRETARIAT AND THE CPV INSPECTORATE
-------------- --------------


14. (C) ONE OF THE KEY CHANGES COMING OUT OF THE PARTY
CONGRESS WAS THE RECONSTITUTION OF THE CPV SECRETARIAT,
WHICH WILL OVERSEE THE DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIRS OF THE POLITBURO.
BASED ON THE MAKE-UP OF THE NEW BODY AND INITIAL REPORTS WE
HAVE RECEIVED ABOUT ITS FUNCTIONS, THE SECRETARIAT MAY HELP
IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY AND WORK OF CPV SENIOR LEADERS. KEY
FIGURES TO WATCH IN THE NEWLY RECONSTITUTED SECRETARIAT ARE
LE HONG ANH, NEW HEAD OF THE CPV'S INSPECTORATE (CONTROL
COMMISSION),AND CURRENT TRADE MINISTER VU KHOAN. PRIOR TO
1996, WHEN THE SECRETARIAT EXISTED, POLITBURO AND CENTRAL
COMMITTEE MEMBERS WHO SERVED IN THE BODY DID NOT ALSO HOLD
GOVERNMENT POSTS, AND THUS THERE IS WIDESPREAD SPECULATION
THAT VU KHOAN WILL HAVE TO GIVE UP HIS TRADE MINISTER POST
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IN ORDER TO CONCENTRATE ON CPV BUSINESS. ACCORDING TO THIS
ARGUMENT, HE ALSO WOULD NOT ASSUME THE DEPUTY PM SLOT THAT
HAS BEEN REPORTEDLY DISCUSSED FOR HIM. (THE ABOVE REPORT
ABOUT CAM MAINTAINING HIS POSITION TO 2002 WOULD TEND TO
SUPPORT THIS LATTER VIEW.) A LEADING REFORMER WHO GETS
RESULTS, VU KHOAN IS SEEN AS ONE OF THE BRIGHT LIGHTS OF
REFORMERS HERE.


15. (C) ASSISTANT TRADE MINISTRY LUONG, WHO SERVED AS
KHOAN'S CHIEF ADVISOR ON BTA NEGOTIATIONS, TOLD ECONOFF
THAT KHOAN WOULD OVERSEE AND MANAGE VIETNAM'S TRADE AND
FOREIGN POLICY PORTFOLIOS FROM HIS NEW POSITION. LUONG
IMPLIED THAT NOT ONLY WOULD KHOAN EFFECTIVELY TAKE OVER DPM
CAM'S ENTIRE PORTFOLIO, IF NOT THE FORMAL POSITION AT THIS
POINT. HE SAID KHOAN WOULD HAVE AN EVEN HIGHER STATURE AND
POSITION IN HIS NEW JOB THAN THAT OF A DEPUTY PM. LUONG
ALSO MADE CLEAR THERE WAS NO REASON WHY KHOAN COULD NOT
SERVE IN HIS NEW SECRETARIAT POSITION AND ALSO SERVE AS
TRADE MINISTER.


16. (C) THE MEMBERS OF THE SECRETARIAT SEEM CAREFULLY
BALANCED FOR DIFFERENT INTERESTS AND REGIONS OF THE CPV.
OF THE FOUR CENTRAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS, ONE IS ARMED FORCES
CHIEF OF STAFF (LE VAN DUNG),TWO ARE CPV CHIEFS FROM
SOUTHERN DONG THAP AND NORTHERN SON LA PROVINCES (TONG THI
PHONG AND TRUONG VINH TRONG) AND ONE (VU KHOAN) HAS A
STRONG BACKGROUND IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE. OVERALL,
THE SECRETARIAT IS SEEN AS STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF THE
GENERAL SECRETARY (COMPARED TO THE PREVIOUS STANDING BOARD
OF THE POLITBURO) SINCE THE OTHER EIGHT MEMBERS OF THE
SECRETARIAT ARE ALMOST ALL MUCH JUNIOR TO HIM.

SIPDIS


17. (C) LE HONG ANH, ONLY 51 AND NOW IN THE POLITBURO, IS
PERHAPS THE BIGGEST "SHOOTING STAR" TO COME OUT OF THE
CONGRESS. NAMED NINTH IN THE POLITBURO, AND PROMOTED TO
HEAD THE CONTROL COMMISSION, ANH HAS MOVED UP RAPIDLY.
FROM KIEN GIANG PROVINCE IN THE MEKONG DELTA, WE HAVE HEARD
FROM SEVERAL SOURCES THAT ANH IS A "PROTEGE" OF NGUYEN TAN
DUNG AND MAY HAVE RIDDEN HIS COATTAILS TO HANOI FIVE YEARS
AGO. ANH FOLLOWED DUNG AS PARTY CHIEF IN KIEN GIANG AND
GAINED GOOD MARKS FOR HIS FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION THERE.
AS DEPUTY TO MS. XUAN MY ON THE CONTROL COMMISSION SINCE
1998, ANH MANAGED TO GET POSITIVE REVIEWS FOR HIS
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFORTS, THOUGH MY FELL FROM THE POLITBURO
FOR HER POOR MANAGEMENT OF THE CRITICISM/SELF-CRITICISM
CAMPAIGN.


18. (C) ANH SEEMS TO BE WELL POSITIONED FOR GREATER HEIGHTS
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IF HE PERFORMS WELL. THE CONTROL COMMISSION HAS A LARGELY
"INSPECTORATE" ROLE IN THE CPV: IT CHECKS UP ON CPV MEMBER
AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE, CONSIDERS POSSIBLE
VIOLATION, SETTLES COMPLAINTS AMONG CPV MEMBERS AND
ORGANIZATIONS, AND CHECKS ON FINANCIAL ISSUES AT LOWER
LEVELS. AFTER BEING NAMED GENERAL SECRETARY, MANH STATED
IN HIS OPENING REMARKS THAT FIGHTING CORRUPTION IS ONE OF
HIS MAIN PRIORITIES, ALONG WITH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
THUS, ANH IS IN THE CENTER OF THE ACTION.

COMMENT
--------------


19. (C) AT THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SESSION NEXT MONTH, WE
EXPECT TO SEE FURTHER MANIFESTATIONS OF THE GENERATIONAL
CHANGE SEEN DRAMATICALLY AT THE NINTH PARTY CONGRESS. THAT
PROCESS WILL PLAY ITSELF OUT MORE FULLY THROUGH THE
ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS NEXT YEAR AND THE LIKELY PROMOTION OF
EITHER TRIET OR DUNG TO BE THE NEW HEAD OF GOVERNMENT IN

2002. OVER TIME, THIS PROCESS OF GENERATIONAL CHANGE WILL
HAVE RIPPLING EFFECTS THAT WE EXPECT WILL RESHAPE
VIETNAMESE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL LIFE. IN ADDITION, THE
RECONSTITUTED SECRETARIAT, WITH A PROMINENT ROLE PLAYED BY
VU KHOAN AS A VIRTUAL POLITBURO CHIEF OF STAFF, INDEED
COULD BODE WELL FOR IMPROVED EFFICIENCY IN CPV DECISION-
MAKING AND A MORE VIGOROUS COMMITMENT TO REFORM. END
COMMENT.
PETERSON

CONFIDENTIAL